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Philosophy of Language

THIS CD HAS BEEN PRODUCED FOR TEACHERS TO USE IN THE CLASSROOM. IT IS A CONDITION OF THE USE OF THIS CD THAT IT BE USED ONLY BY THE PEOPLE FROM SCHOOLS THAT HAVE PURCHASED THE CDROM FROM DIALOGUE EDUCATION. (THIS DOES NOT PROHIBIT ITS USE ON A SCHOOL’S INTRANET). Philosophy of Language.

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Philosophy of Language

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  1. THIS CD HAS BEEN PRODUCED FOR TEACHERS TO USE IN THE CLASSROOM. IT IS A CONDITION OF THE USE OF THIS CD THAT IT BE USED ONLY BY THE PEOPLE FROM SCHOOLS THAT HAVE PURCHASED THE CDROM FROM DIALOGUE EDUCATION. (THIS DOES NOT PROHIBIT ITS USE ON A SCHOOL’S INTRANET). Philosophy of Language Dialogue Education Update 3

  2. Contents • Page 3 Video Presentation Humorous introduction to topic • Pages 4 to 5 - Questions in Philosophy of Language • Page 6 - Main Areas in the Philosophy of Language • Page 7 - Definitions • Pages 8 to 11- The goal for Philosophers of Language • Pages 12 to 17 - Major & Minor Topics in Philosophy of Language • Pages 18 to 22 - Some Issues in the Philosophy of Language • Page 23 - Literary Theory • Page 24 - Vagueness • Page 25 - The Problems of Universals and Composition • Page 26 - The Nature of Language • Page 27 - Formal versus Informal approaches • Page 28 - Translation and Interpretation • Page 29 – Video Presentataion on Wittgenstein • Pages 30 to 31 - Bibliography

  3. You Tube Video A short video with Ravi Zacharias - On Languages (Humorous) Click on the image to the left. You will need to be connected to the internet to view this presentation. Enlarge to full screen

  4. Language • What is the purpose of language? How does language relate to the mind, both of the speaker and the interpreter? How does language relate to the world? What is the nature of meaning? What is the relation between meaning and reference? How are sentences composed into a meaningful whole, and what are the meanings of the parts of sentences? Why do expressions have the meanings they have? How do words and sentences acquire meanings.

  5. Meaning • 1. Not many people know that in 1931, Adolf Hitler made a visit to the US, in the course of which he did some sight seeing, had a brief affair….. • 2. w gfsjsdkhj jiobfglf ud • 3. A dog cannot lie. • 4. Good of off primly the a the the why.

  6. Philosophy of Language Where does sense stop and non sense begin?

  7. Language • Philosophy of Language is usually divided into four areas; • Syntax • Semantics • Semiotics • Pragmatics

  8. Philosophy of Language • Philosophy of language is the reasoned inquiry into the nature, origins, and usage of language.

  9. Philosophy of Language • Philosophers of language inquire into the nature of meaning, and seek to explain what it means to "mean" something.

  10. Philosophy of Language • Philosophy of Language seeks to understand what speakers and listeners do with language in communication, and how it is used socially.

  11. Philosophy of Language • They would like to know how language relates to the minds of both the speaker and the interpreter.

  12. Philosophy of Language Finally, they investigate how language and meaning relate to truth and the world.

  13. Philosophy of Language Social interaction and language • A common claim is that language is governed by social conventions. Questions inevitably arise on surrounding topics.

  14. Philosophy of Language • Noam Chomsky proposed that the study of language could be done in terms of the internal language of persons.

  15. Philosophy of Language • One fruitful source of research involves investigation into the social conditions that give rise to, or are associated with, meanings and languages.

  16. Philosophy of Language • Not surprisingly, many separate (but related) fields have investigated the topic of linguistic convention within their own areas.

  17. Philosophy of Language • Rhetoric is the study of the particular words that people use in order to achieve the proper emotional and rational effect in the listener, be it to persuade, provoke, endear, or teach.

  18. Philosophy of Language • It can also be used to study linguistic transparency (or speaking in an accessible manner).

  19. Philosophy of Language • Literary theory is a discipline that overlaps with the philosophy of language.

  20. Major problems in philosophy of language Vagueness • One issue that has bothered philosophers of language and logic is the problem of the vagueness of words.

  21. Major problems in philosophy of language Problem of universals and composition • One debate that has captured the interest of many philosophers is the debate over the meaning of universals.

  22. Major problems in philosophy of language The nature of language • Many philosophical discussions of language begin by clarifying terminology.

  23. Major problems in philosophy of language Formal versus informal approaches • Another of the questions that has divided philosophers of language is the extent to which formal logic can be used as an effective tool in the analysis and understanding of natural languages.

  24. Major problems in philosophy of language Translation and Interpretation • Translation and interpretation are two other problems that philosophers of language have attempted to confront.

  25. You Tube Video Ludwig Wittgenstein explaining his theory of language (A play) Click on the image to the left. You will need to be connected to the internet to view this presentation. Enlarge to full screen

  26. Foundationalism • This position is intended to resolve the infinite regress problem in epistemology. • Foundationalism is any theory in epistemology that holds that beliefs are justified based on basic beliefs.

  27. Foundationalism A “non-inferential warrant “arises from properties of belief.

  28. Foundationalism Possible candidates for foundational beliefs are thought to include • perceptual and memory beliefs, especially reports of one's own subjective experience; • beliefs about the meanings of sentences or words; • and a priori intuitions.

  29. Foundationalism Critics • Critics of foundationalism often argue that for a belief to be justified it must be supported by other beliefs.

  30. Foundationalism Critics • According to skepticism, there are no beliefs that are so obviously certain that they require support from no other beliefs.

  31. Foundationalism Critics • Postmodernists and Post-Structuralists such as Richard Rorty and Jacques Derrida have attacked foundationalism on the grounds that the truth of statements or discourse is only verifiable in accordance with other statements and discourses.

  32. Bibliography Blackburn,S. "History of the Philosophy of Language". In Oxford Companion to Philosophy. ed. Ted Honderich. Oxford:Oxford University Press. 1995. ISBN 0-19-866132-0 Plato, Cratylus(c. 360 BCE) Series: Cambridge Studies in the Dialogues of Plato. Trans. David Sedley. Cambridge:University of Cambridge Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-521-58492-0 Steven K. Strange, (1992) Porphyry: On Aristotle, Categories. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2816-5. Mates, B. (1953) Stoic Logic. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02368-4 King, Peter. Peter Abelard. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abelard/#4 Chalmers, D. (1999) "Is there Synonymy in Occam's Mental Language?". Published in The Cambridge Companion to Ockham, edited by Paul Vincent Spade. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58244-5 Marconi, D. "Storia della Filosofia del Linguaggio". In L'Enciclopedia Garzantina della Filosofia. ed. Gianni Vattimo. Milan:Garzanti Editori. 1981. ISBN 88-11-50515-1 Kretzmann, N., Anthony Kenny & Jan Pinborg. (1982) Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521226058 Pagin, P. "Are Holism and Compositionality Compatible?". In Olismo. ed. Massimo dell'Utri. Macerata:Quodlibet. 2002. ISBN 88-86570-85-6 Tarski, Alfred. (1944). The Semantical Conception of Truth. online PDF Stainton, Robert J. (1996). Philosophical perspectives on language. Peterborough, Ont., Broadview Press. Mwihaki, S. (2004) "Meaning as Use: A Functional view of Semantics and Pragmatics". In Swahili Forum. 11: 127-129 Penco, C. "Filosofia del Linguaggio". In Enciclopedia Garzantina della Filosofia. ed. Gianni Vattimo. 2004. Milian:Garzanti Editori. ISBN 88-11-50515-1 Block, Ned. "Conceptual Role Semantics." The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Forthcoming. Davidson, D. (2001) Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation. Oxford:Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-924629-7 Wittgenstein, L. (1958) Philosophical Investigations. Third edition. trans. G.E.M. Anscombe. New York:MacMillan Publishing Co. Brandom, R. (1994) Making it Explicit. Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-54330-0 Burge, Tyler. 1979. Individualism and the Mental. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 4: 73-121. Putnam, H. (1975) "The Meaning of 'Meaning'“. In Language, Mind and Knowledge. ed. K. Gunderson. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 88-459-0257-9 Kripke, S. (1980) Naming and Necessity. Oxford:Basil Blackwell. ISBN 88-339-1135-7

  33. Bibliography Voltolini, A. (2002) "Olismi Irriducibilmente Indipendenti?". In Olismo ed. Massimo Dell'Utri. Macerata: Quodlibet. ISBN 88-86570-85-6 Dummett, M. (1991) The Logical Basis of Metaphysics. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. ISBN 88-15-05669-6 Grice, Paul. "Meaning". Perspectives in the Philosophy of Language. (2000) ed. Robert Stainton. Frege, G. (1892) "On Sense and Reference". In Frege:Senso, Funzione e Concetto. eds. Eva Picardi and Carlo Penco. Bari: Editori Laterza. 2001. ISBN 88-420-6347-9 Mill, John Stuart, A System of Logic, University Press of the Pacific, Honolulu, 2002, ISBN 1-4102-0252-6 Stanley, Jason. (2006). Philosophy of Language in the Twentieth Century. Forthcoming in the Routledge Guide to Twentieth Century Philosophy. Russell, B. (1905) On Denoting. Published in "Mind".online text, Neale, Stephen (1990) Descriptions, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Russell, B. (1903) I Principi della Matematica. Original title: The Principles of Mathematics. Italian trans. by Enrico Carone and Maurizio Destro. Rome:Newton Compton editori. 1971. ISBN 88-8183-730-7 Katz, Jerrold (2005) Names Without Bearers,online text Fodor, Jerry A. (1983). The Modularity of Mind:An Essay in Faculty Psychology. The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-56025-9 Pinker, S. (1994) L'Istinto del Linguaggio. Original title: The Language Instinct. 1997. Milan:Arnaldo Mondadori Editori. ISBN 88-04-45350-8 Churchland, P. (1995) Engine of Reason, Seat of the Soul: A Philosophical Journey Into the Brain. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Fodor, J and E. Lepore. (1999) "All at Sea in Semantic Space: Churchland on Meaning Similarity." Journal of Philosophy 96, 381-403. Hofstadter,D.R. (1979)Godel, Escher, Bach:An Eternal Golden Braid. New York:Random House. ISBN 0-394-74502-7 Kay, P. and W. Kempton. 1984. "What is the Spair-Whorf Hypothesis?" American Anthropologist 86(1): 65-79. Bunnin, Nicholas and E. P. Tsui-James. The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 97, 120–121.  Fodor, J. The Language of Thought, Harvard University Press, 1975, ISBN 0-674-51030-5 Gozzano, S. "Olismo, Razionalità e Interpretazione". In Olismo ed. Massimo dell'Utri. 2002. Macerata:Quodlibet. ISBN 88-86570-85-6 Lakoff, G. (1987) Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind. Chicago:University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-46804-6 Giorgias (c. 375 BCE) tranlslated by Kathleen Freeman. In Kaufmann, W. Philosophic Classics: Thales to Ockham. New Jersey:Prentice Hall, Inc. 1961, 1968. Teevan, James J. and W.E. Hewitt. (2001) Introduction to Sociology: A Canadian Focus. Prentice Hall: Toronto. p.10 Heidegger, Martin.(1998) Pathmarks. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-43968-X Heidegger, Martin.(1996) Being and Time. New York: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19770-2 Gadamer, Hans G. (1989)Truth and Method, New York:Crossroad, 2nd ed., ISBN 0-8264-0401-4 Volli,U. (2000) Manuale di Semiotica. Rome-Bari:Editori Laterza. ISBN 88-420-5953-6 Sorensen, Roy. (2006) "Vagueness". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/vagueness/#3 "Nominalism, Realism, Conceptualism" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia. Chomsky, N. (1985)The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Chomsky, Noam. "Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin, and Use." Perspectives in the Philosophy of Language. (2000) ed. Robert Stainton. Partee, B. Richard Montague (1930 - 1971). In Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd Ed., ed. Keith Brown. Oxford: Elsevier. V. 8, pp. 255-57, 2006 Lycan, W. G. (2000). Philosophy of Language: A Contemporary Introduction. New York: Routledge. Austin, J.L. (1962). ed. J.O. Urmson.. ed.. How to Do Things With Words: The William James Lectures delivered at Harvard University in 1955. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-674-41152-8. P. F. Strawson, "On Referring". Mind, New Series, Vol. 59, No. 235 (Jul., 1950), pp. 320-344 Grice, Paul. "Logic and Conversation". Perspectives in the Philosophy of Language. (2000) ed. Robert Stainton. Quine, W.V. (1960) Word and Object. MIT Press; ISBN 0-262-67001-1.

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