January 21 st , 2014

1. January 21st, 2014 • Julius Caesar schedules • Shakespeare History HW: Complete Shakespeare’s Facebook page What was Shakespeare’s “home” theatre?

2. William Shakespeare • Background on William Shakespeare • Globe Theatre • Literary Devices • Tragedy

3. Background on William Shakespeare Childhood • Born: April 23, 1564 • From: Stratford-upon-Avon • Father: John Shakespeare, a glove maker and wool merchant • Mother: Mary Arden • Went to school at the local King Edward VI grammar school. Family Life • Wife: married Anne Hathaway (8 years older) at the age of 18- November, 1582. • Children: Susana and twins, Hamnet (boy) and Judith. • Hamnet died at the age of 11.

4. Background on William Shakespeare Acting • Moved to London without his family to act and write plays. • Part Owner- Lord Chamberlain’s Men • Wrote most of his sonnets at this time. Playwright • Became a prolific writer from 1594-1611 • Histories: Henry VI and Richard II • Comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream and The Taming of the Shrew • Tragedies: Julius Caesar and Hamlet Death • Died: April 23, 1616 in Stratford. • Left his property to the sons of his eldest daughter.

5. Globe Theatre • In 1599, Shakespeare and associates built this outdoor theatre in London. • 2,500 seating capacity • Groundlings- audience members of theatre • Octagonal in shape and 3 stories high • Flag flew on days of plays • Other characteristics of the theatre- apron stage, trap doors, “the pit,” and the heavens.

7. January 22nd, 2014 • Finish Shakespeare History • Shakespearean language HW: Tragic hero analysis What were the name of the people who stood right in front of the stage?

8. Literary Devices • Anachronisms Example: If a play is set in 1920 and a character uses a computer. • Events that are out of place in the time period of the piece

9. Literary Devices • Puns Example: Two fish swim into a concrete wall.  One turns to the other and says “Dam!” • Deliberate confusion of similar words or phrases for rhetorical effect

10. Literary Devices • Allusion Example: Chocolate was her Achilles’ heel. • An indirect reference by casually mentioning something that’s familiar (literature, movies, music or history).

11. Literary Devices • Aside Example: Simonides: Traitor, thou liest.Pericles: Traitor!Simonides: Ay, traitor.Pericles: Even in his throat--unless it be the king--That calls me traitor, I return the lie.Simonides: [Aside] Now, by the gods, I do applaud his courage.(William Shakespeare, Pericles. Act II, scene five) • Lines mentioned to the audience or another character on stage (not meant to be heard by all characters on stage).

12. Literary Devices • Foreshadowing Example: “I’ll just tell you about this madman stuff that happened to me around last Christmas just before I got pretty run-down and had to come out here and take it easy” (Salinger 1). • Lines that give a hint or clue to future events

13. Literary Devices • Metonymy Example: The pen (power of literature or the written word) is mightier than the sword (force). • A figure of speech whereby the name of a thing is substituted for the attribute which it suggests.

14. Literary Devices • Soliloquy Example: Romeo & Juliet, Act 2 Scene 2, spoken by Romeo But, soft! what light through yonder window breaks? It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon, Who is already sick and pale with grief, That thou her maid art far more fair than she: Be not her maid, since she is envious; Her vestal livery is but sick and green And none but fools do wear it; cast it off. It is my lady, O, it is my love! • A single character on stage thinking out loud (a way of letting the audience know what is in the character's mind).

15. Tragedy and the Tragic Hero • Definition of tragedy • protagonist suffers a serious misfortune • Tragic Hero- Relationship with reader • will evoke both our pity and terror • he/she is usually higher than the reader in moral worth

16. Tragedy and the Tragic Hero • Characteristics of the tragic hero • born of noble birth • responsible for own fate • has a tragic flaw • doomed to make a serious error in judgment • meets a tragic death or the punishment outweighs the crime • realizes he/she has made an irreversible mistake • faces and accepts death with honor • falls from great heights or from high esteem in both the private and public eye

17. Tragedy and the Tragic Hero Analyzing a recent tragic hero Directions: Do this on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Pick a character from below or think of your own. 2. Argue whether you think that character is or is not a tragic hero. Use the list above as guidance for your answer. Shoot for a paragraph. Anakin Skywalker (Darth Vader) Batman KatnissEverdeen Bella Swan Harvey Dent Wolverine Hermione Granger Regina George (Mean Girls)

18. January 23rd, 2014 • Shakespearean language HW: Tragic hero analysis What were the name of the people who stood right in front of the stage?

19. SHAKESPEREAN LANGUAGE Decoding its meaning

20. Hear you nothing that I say?” Do you hear nothing that I say? “Help you I can, yes!” Yes, I can help you. “Stay and help you I will” I will stay and help you.

21. SHAKESPEARE’S TECHNIQUES • VERB BEFORE SUBJECT • OBJECT BEFORE SUBJECT AND VERB • INSERTING EXTRA PHRASES BETWEEN SUBJECT AND VERB • OMMITING WORDS

22. Why do poets mess with placement? • RHYTHM • TO EMPHASIZE CERTAIN WORDS • TO REVEAL CHARACTER

23. THE DOG BIT THE BOY! THE BOY BIT THE DOG! Believe it or not, the placement of subject/verb/object DOES count!

24. VERB BEFORE SUBJECT Shakespearean Language: “In the instant came/the fiery Tybalt.” Translation: The fiery Tybalt came in an instant. “At this same ancient feast of Capulet’s sups the fair Rosaline.” Rosaline sups at Capulet’s feast HE GOES  GOES HE.

25. OBJECT BEFORE SUBJECT AND VERB Shakespearean Language: “ME THEY SHALL HIT.” Translation: THEY SHALL HIT ME. “OF HONORABLE RECKONING ARE YOU BOTH.” YOU ARE BOTH OF HONORABLE RECKONING. I HIT HIM

26. INSERTING EXTRA PHRASES BETWEEN SUBJECT AND VERB Shakespearean Language: “AND SHE WAS WEANED (I NEVER SHALL FORGET IT) /OF ALL THE DAY OF THE YEAR, UPON THAT DAY.” Translation: AND SHE WAS WEANED UPON THAT DAY. “THREE CIVIL BRAWLS BRED OF AN AIRY WORD BY THEE OLD CAPULET AND MONTAGUE, HAVE THRICE DISTURBED THE QUIET OF OUR STREET.” THREE CIVIL BRAWLS HAVE DISTURBED OUR STREETS.

27. MISSING “WERE YOU BY?” FILL IN THE BLANKS… WERE YOU NEARBY? OMMITING WORDS HEARD FROM HIM YET?

28. COMMON WORDS Shakespearean Language: AN Translation: IF MARRY INDEED COUSIN KINSMAN ALWAYS STILL

29. Now, you create some Shakespearean language… • Create a sentence using Shakespearean language. • Create the translation, too. Topics: • Telling a friend to shut-up! • Asking for permission to use the restroom. • Explain how awesome Mr. Klein’s class is.

30. January 24th, 2014 • Rome History HW: None Translate: “Peace! count the clock.”

31. A Brief History of Rome and Julius Caesar

32. General Rome History • Founded: Rough estimates 753 B.C.-501 A.D. (some consider the timeline to go on another 150 more years) • Government: Republic: a government in which supreme power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected officers and representatives responsible to them and governing according to law.

33. General Rome History • The republic shifted in its actual usage. At times it was a smattering of a monarchy, democracy, and a dictatorship depending on outside circumstances. • Today, Rome is still considered the longest dominating civilization. Created major militaristic, artistic, scientific, architectural, political, and religious progress.

34. Rise of Julius Caesar • Gaius Julius Caesar: 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC • Family: Gens Julia (or the Julii) • Political Affiliation: Populares (lower to middle class (vs.optimates- upper class) • Came to power through various political positions in Roman government and also was a strong general that accumulated many victories.

35. Julii Caesar (family origins and younger years) • Meaning of family name- ancestor was born of caesarean section (to cut) • Early Life- Little is known. Father died at 16, became head of household. • Soldier- Civic crown, respect from King of Bithynia, Pirate story… • Husband- He was married three times in his life. • Kids- He had 2 known children- Julia and Caesarion (with Cleopatra of Egypt). He adopted his blood nephew, Octavian, who would eventually become Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus , the greatest emperor of all time.

36. Julius Caesar’s Reign of Power • Caesar became contender for the position of Consul. He had stiff competition. He formed the first Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus. This meant a three way split in power. Crassus was murdered in his battle with the Parthians and Caesar and Pompey resumed control. • Caesar went on to conquer Gaul (France) and Pompey grew jealous. Civil war was the result.

37. Julius Caesar’s Reign of Power • Caesar was outnumbered 3:1 and defeated Pompey at Pharsalus (48 B.C.). This battle was seen as militaristic genius on the part of Caesar. • Pompey went into exile and was murdered upon his arrival to Egypt. • Caesar alone became Consul and eventual dictator of Rome. • He was dictator from 48 B.C. to 44 B.C.

38. Julius Caesar’s Reign of Power • During his reign of power Caesar had the backing of the people, but his antics angered the senate. The last straw came when he started to allow non-romans (Celts, Gauls, etc.) to be members of the senate. • Revenge came when 60 members of the senate stabbed Caesar to death. This group included Cassius, Brutus, and others.

39. Impact of Caesar’s Death and the Control for Power that Followed • Because of Mark Antony’s cunning ways he was able to gain support of the people and banish the conspirators of Caesar’s murder. • Mark Antony teamed up with rival Gaius OctaviusThurinus, (Caesar’s nephew and adopted son), and Lepidus to destroy the opposing force generated by Brutus, Cato, and Cassius.

40. Impact of Caesar’s Death and the Control for Power that Followed • After a time Mark Antony and Octavius fueled another Civil War between each other. Octavius was the victor and became known as the greatest Roman Emperor of all time. He lived to be 77 and carried Rome through its Golden Age. • All other emperors would have to be compared to him. His name became Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (Augustus = “The Revered One”)

41. Characters in Play (Historical Info) • Mark Antony (January 14, 83 BC–August 1, 30 BC) • Julius Caesar’s second cousin and second in command. He was a strong military commander and popular with the people, however, like Caesar, he also did not mesh with the Senate. • He had some major character flaws and was considered a brash, cocky, and difficult person. He later fueded with Octavian and fell

42. Characters in Play (Historical Info) • in love with Cleopatra. Octavian changed peoples opinions of Mark Antony when he read what was supposedly his will to the public. It made him look like he sided with Egypt more than Rome. He eventually committed suicide with Cleopatra. This became another subject of a Shakespeare poem.

43. Characters in Play (Historical Info) • Marcus Junius Brutus (85–42 BC) or Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus • His father was a legate to Pompey and Cato was a relative. His mother was Julius Caesar’s mistress. • At one point Caesar regarded Brutus as a son. Brutus was part of an opposing political force, but Caesar was exceptionally forgiving and forgave him. Big mistake. Brutus was later slaughtered by Mark Antony and Octavian’s forces.

44. Characters in Play (Historical Info) Caesar Octavius Mark Antony

45. Characters in Play (Historical Info) Brutus Cassius

46. Characters in Play (Historical Info) Lepidus Cicero (Senator)