Professional English for Building Environment& Equipment

1. Lecturer: Hongqiangli Email:lihongqiang2009@yahoo.com.cn Professional English for Building Environment& Equipment

2. Lesson two Energy Utilization and Conservation in Buildings

3. 1 2 3 3 3 5 4 4 Topics Energy (classification, utilization principles etc.) Energy consumption in buildings History of energy saving in buildings Technical status and development trend Text learning and key words

4. Frequently used words and phrases Energy Utilization and Conservation 能源利用与节约 nonrenewable energy 不可再生能源 renewable energy 可再生能源solar energy 太阳能 hydropower 水力发出的电力 geothermal energy地热能 electrical power 电能 steam turbine蒸汽轮机 mechanical power机械能 energy efficient system 高能效系统 cost effectiveness成本效率 chilled water冷冻水 condenser water 冷却水 ground source heat pumps地源热泵 Energy Utilization and Conservation 能源利用与节约 nonrenewable energy 不可再生能源renewable energy 可再生能源solar energy 太阳能hydropower 水力发出的电力 geothermal energy地热能electrical power 电能 steam turbine蒸汽轮机mechanical power机械能 energy efficient system 高能效系统cost effectiveness成本效率 chilled water冷冻水condenser water 冷却水 ground source heat pumps地源热泵

5. Energy definition 自然界赋存的已经查明和推定的能够提供热、光、动力和电能等各种形式的能量来源 . Topic one: Energy-Definition • For instance • Coal, natural gas, crude oil, wind, hydropower, tidal energy, nuclear, biomass, geothermal, coal bed gas, wave energy, Ocean current energy, solar and so on…

6. Topic one: Energy- Classification Coal Crude oil Natural gas Nonrenewable energy Two broad categories Solar energy Hydropower Wind energy Geothermal energy Biomass energy Tidal power Renewable energy

7. Topic one: Energy- utilization principles The First Law of Thermodynamics (formula and equation) The Second Law of Thermodynamics 7

8. 作功能力损失巨大 ~ Rankine cycle Topic one: Energy- development status and trend 1824年， 卡诺揭示了热机的科学本质，奠基现代 工程热力学 1768年， 瓦特发明蒸汽机 热力循环（热机） 燃料 燃烧 传热 热转功 发电

9. 存在的问题 问题1：初温提升潜力小，品位差大，可用能损失30% 900~1400oC 问题2：污染物(CO2)生成并被稀释，处理能耗高 60～90年代 联合循环 效率40~60% Rankine cycle Brayton cycle 卡诺定理为基础， 热能的温度对口、梯级利用是19世纪热力循环研究的主线 热力循环效率 难点 卡诺定理无法解释燃料化学能转化与释放过程不可逆性，缺乏相关理论 CO2分离过程（能耗）与能量利用过程（效率）相互矛盾，难以协调 作功能力损失巨大 燃料作功能力损失 仍然很大 400~600oC 20~60年代 效率20~40% 针对难点，寻找突破思路 环境温度

10. Large Industry Sectors： Industry/Communication/Building Topic Two: Energy Consumption in Buildings-Status Energy Buildings: Consumes 20-40% of the Global Resources Consumes 30-45% of the Energy used Environment • Building energy conservation is the most direct and promising way Economic

11. Topic Two: Energy Consumption in Buildings-Status • There are many opportunities for saving energy in cities and strategies can be classified by four major categories. • (1)Technical Strategies • Technical strategies involve either new energy saving technologies or retrofitting existing technologies. Such changes often require considerable capital investment and can produce significant savings even in the short term. The implementation of technical strategies therefore is often limited by the availability of financial assistance such as grants or low interest loans. • (2)Regulatory Strategies • Regulatory strategies are based on the introduction of local laws or regulations such as building codes or energy efficiency standards. These strategies pass most of the costs on to the users, but regulatory authorities must administer and enforce them. 11

12. (3)Economic strategies • Economic strategies involve incentives or penalties, which create a climate for energy efficiency. They can include ‘no regrets’ or voluntary measures as well as tax credits for energy efficiency and renewable energy research investment. These strategies are more costly for government, but they are generally more popular with industry and the public. In some cases economic strategies can generate considerable income by imposing taxes on fossil fuels or excessive energy use. Such taxes may be directed into the development of technical and education strategies for further energy savings. • (4)Education strategies • Education strategies involve the use of education, training and information to raise awareness about alternative energy systems and energy efficiency. It is a powerful agent of social change and can produce substantial energy savings for a minimal cost. Typical measures include driver training and raising public awareness of energy savings options. Education and training is also important for sales people, maintenance personnel and consumers. 12

13. Policy Technology Economic Education Topic Two: energy consumption in buildings-Solutions Solutions Incentives or penalties; Costly for government; Popular with industry and Public, etc. Powerful, substantial energy saving with minimal cost; For various groups Require capital inve- stment; short term effect; Limited by financial assistance, etc. Based on laws; Pass cost on users; enforced Integrating

14. Development process How about the difference? Topic Three: History of building energy saving-Three stages Energy efficiency in Buildings Energy conservation in buildings Energy saving in buildings

15. saving conservation efficiency Character Character Character Limit the energy demand, eg. Increasing/ lower the temperature Keep the heat or cool in the room, eg. Improve the envelop (double glass, lower air infiltration etc. ) Improve the energy efficiency, eg. increase the thermal efficiency, optimize HVAC operating etc. Topic Three: History of building energy saving-Three stages

16. Topic Four: Technical status and development trend-The building design itself Traditional Design Process Programming Building Owner/Architect Schematic Design/Architectural Design Architect Engineering Design (Construction) Engineer Construction Engineering Design (HVAC and Indoor Climate) Engineer HVAC Construction Contractor Operation and Maintenance Building Service Personal Demolition and Reuse Involved persons Building stages

17. Integrated Design Process Integrated Design Process Building stages Involved persons Programming Building Owner/Architect Schematic Design/Architectural Design Architect Engineering Design (Construction) Construction/Operation/Maintenance Engineer Construction Demolition/Reuse Engineer HVAC Engineering Design (HVAC and Indoor Climate) Contractor Construction Operation and Maintenance Building Service Personal Demolition and Reuse

18. Some technology ideas for energy conservation Air conditioning system realize optimized operation, reduce operating cost (energy and money). Adopt advanced equipments and techniques. (lights) Recovery afterheat and waste heat Change the energy supply resources Make use of novel energy generation systems. (DES) Topic Four: Technical status and development trend—— building equipments and energy supply 18

19. Renewable energy： sustainable energy，dispersion small scale Call DES development Energy supply safety： Meet consumers demandmulti-power supply Cool, heat and power needed in buildings： CHP Transportation in short distanceCCHP Why should we develop DES (Distribute energy system) Further energy development trend DES is very significant to realize energy sustainable development

20. Grade FUELS N-G 57 Power pool Gas turbine 80 High T Elec Afterheat （300~500℃） N-G 27 Drive heat pump Compression Absorption Middle T Drive cooling Afterheat （100~200℃） 100 Dehumidify 16 Dehumidify &heating Gas-fired boiler Low T Heating Living water Solar Er 20% Geo- thermal Case study DES Consumer Individual system Heat （900~1100℃） Elec 19 Cool 46 Heat 14 DES can realize cascaded utilization of energy

21. Light pipe outside Light pipe inside

22. Sun visor system

23. Sun visor system Sun lights

24. Guess it ? Wood and plastic floor

25. Crystals silicon solar

26. Amorphous silicon solar

27. Amorphous silicon solar

28. Planting in buildings

29. Wall or window?

30. Construction materials

31. Construction materials

32. Topic Four: Technical status and development trend——Barrier If you succeeded , there must be some experience, while if you failed, there must be reason. Anonymous Nearly all the live people in China are studying or working for Mao Ze-dong. Hong-qiang Li

33. Topic Four: Technical status and development trend——Barrier While many efficient technologies cost more to purchase, energy savings often more than repay the extra capital cost. The financial returns offered by these technologies are typically far better than those offered by other personal financial investments. Technology Typical Payback (years) Additional insulation 6 - 7 Compact fluorescent lamps Less than 2 Condensing gas furnace 4-7 Electronic ballasts for commercial lighting 3-4 Improved burner head for oil furnaces 2-5 Residential duct repair Less than 2 Highly efficient room air conditioner 6-7 Water heater tank insulation Less than 1 33

34. Topic Four: Technical status and development trend——Barrier • If cost-effective technologies are available, why aren’t they in greater use? The reasons as follows: • There is often a separation between those who purchase energy-using equipment and those who pay to operate the equipment, which undermines existing incentives for efficiency. • Decisions on purchasing energy-using equipment require comparisons across many attributes, such as first cost, performance, appearance, features, and convenience. These other attributes often overshadow energy efficiency considerations. • Very few pursue the goal of minimizing life-cycle costs (the sum of capital and operating costs over the life of the equipment), which energy efficient technologies achieve.

35. Topic Four: Technical status and development trend——Barrier • When trading off initial cost and energy savings, consumers will not invest in efficiency unless it offers very short payback periods-less than 2 years for home appliances, for example. In contrast, personal financial investments generally offer much lower returns. • Energy costs are relatively low (about 1 percent of salary costs in a typical office, for example), so those concerned with cost reduction often focus elsewhere. • Energy efficiency is often misperceived as requiring discomfort or sacrifice, limiting its appeal.

36. Topic Five: Text learning and keywords 1. Introduction The situation of energy utilization at present, and why we should conserve energy 2. Energy resources two broad categories: nonrenewable & renewable 3. Principles of energy utilization First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics 4. Energy conservation methods six methods applicable to existing system 5. Measuring the efficiency of energy use in HVAC systems How to measure? three common elements of the calculation 6. An example of energy conservation analysis 36

37. Topic Five: Text learning and keywords • Costs for energy used in building operations have become such a significant expense that it is necessary that they be kept to a minimum level. • 2. From the standpoint of energy conservation, the energy resources that are available for HVAC system operation can be classified in two broad categories —nonrenewable resources and renewable resources. significant: 数量巨大的 From the standpoint (viewpoint) of : 从…观点来看 37

38. Topic Five: Text learning and keywords 3. Examples are solar energy, hydropower, wind, geothermal energy, tidal power, and ocean thermal. hydropower: 水力发出的电力 hydro- : “水, 液,流体、氢的 含氢的”之义 hydrodynamics: 流体力学 hydrocarbon: 烃、碳氢化合物 4.It is always desirable to minimize the use of energy derived from nonrenewable resources. desirable:值得做的 derived from: 来源于

39. Topic Five: Text learning and keywords 5. Even though the energy is sometimes free of cost, the cost of equipment to utilize it increases as more energy is used. 6. These principles are largely based on the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics.(basic principle) free of cost: 免费的 Thermodynamics:热力学 thermo- ： “热、热电”之义 Thermochemistry: ？？ thermocouple: ？？

40. Topic Five: Text learning and keywords • 7. An example is the generation of electrical power, as shown in Figure 8. • 8. Under the best practical circumstances only about 30 BTU of the 80 BTUdelivered to the turbine can be converted into work. • 9. It is generally unnecessary and often wasteful to convert heat into power and then back into heat again. BTU: 英制热量单位 1BTU = 0.252 kcal = 1055.06 J British Thermal Unit deliver: 递送、传送 turbine: 涡轮机 convert…into (to): 将…转化为

41. Topic Five: Text learning and keywords 10. An example of this is the generation of electricity at a power plant, as above, and then delivering it to buildings, where through electric resistance heaters, it is converted back to heat. 11. If heat is converted into power, the remainder of the heat that cannot be converted into power should be used for heating or cooling, and not wasted, if practical. This is the basis for total energy system (TES), which generates all of its energy needs (power and heat) at the site and utilizes the maximum part of the energy that is practically available. power plant: 电厂electric resistance heaters: 电阻加热器 thermal power plant:?? nuclear power plant:??? remainder:剩余物 utilize: 利用 CCHP（Combined Cooling Heating Power） System: ?

42. Topic Five: Text learning and keywords • 12. Reduced HVAC energy consumption in building construction usually is a direct result of minimizing heat gains and losses. • 13. ASHRAE Standard and some state codes deal with design criteria of HVAC system. • 14. A HVAC system designer should try to design the most energy efficient system. heat gains:得热量 heat losses: 热量损失 ASHRAE: 美国采暖, 制冷与空调工程师学会 American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air conditioning Engineers energy efficient system: 节能系统

43. Topic Five: Text learning and keywords • 15. The most complete procedure in analyzing energy use in an existing building includes measuring energy consumption of each piece of equipment, flow rates, temperatures, pressures, noting types of systems, controls, and their operations. • 16. The results will suggest what conservation steps should be implemented. • 17. If the cost of a detailed energy analysis is prohibitive, a “walk-through” survey and recommendations by an experienced energy consultant may suffice, but are not usually as effective. existing building: 实际存在的建筑物 既有建筑 suggest: 建议 prohibitive: 禁止的、不可能的 consultant: 顾问 walk-through: 马马虎虎的排练，引申为简单的

44. Topic Five: Text learning and keywords • 18 The more reliable methods include consideration of solar effects, internal gains, heat storage in the walls and interiors and the effects of wind on both the building envelope heat transfer and infiltration. • 19 This can be a simple estimate of duct or piping losses or gains, or a complex hour-by-hour simulation of an air system, such as variable air volume with outdoor air cooling. solar effects: 太阳辐射的影响 internal gains: 室内得热 heat storage: 蓄热 interior: 内部结构 building envelope:建筑物围护结构 infiltration: （风）渗透 duct or piping losses or gains: 管路热损失或得热 hour-by-hour simulation: 逐时模拟 variable air volume: 变风量 VAV system: 变风量系统 Frequency Inverter: ? Inverter Air Conditioner: ? variable frequency Air Conditioner:? 44

45. 谢谢！