DURABLE SOLUTIONS ANALYSIS FOR IDPS IN SOMALILAND 2018

1. DURABLE SOLUTIONS ANALYSIS FOR IDPS IN SOMALILAND 2018 Gaps and opportunities to inform (re)integration planning and programming for displacement affected communities Report Presentation

2. CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION 1. Objectives, Approach, and Methodology 2. About the ReDSS Solutions framework 3. Core principles to inform durable solutions planning and programming 4. Key findings 5. Options for durable solutions processes 6. Gaps and Opportunities for durable solutions planning and programming 7. Recommendations

3. OBJECTIVES OF THE DURABLE SOLUTIONS ANALYSIS 1. To identify gaps and opportunities for durable solutions planning and programming in Somaliland, specifically the (re)integration of IDPs. 2. To identify the specific needs and vulnerabilities of IDPs, through comparing their situation to that of the host population. 3. To develop recommendations to inform solutions-focused policy and practice for Somaliland.

4. OVERALL APPROACH Objective 1: What gaps and opportunities exist for durable solutions planning and programming for IDPs? Analysis of... Laws and policies relevant to displacement Strategies and plans Actors and coordination Characteristics of IDP population Objective 2: What are the specific needs and vulnerabilities of IDPs under the following criteria? Physical safety: • Protection, safety and security • Social cohesion • Access to job creation/economic opportunities • Housing, land and property Material safety: • Access to services Legal Safety: • Access to documentation • Family reunification • Participation in public affairs • Access to remedies and justice Objective 3: Recommendations to inform policy and practice that promotes and facilitates durbable solutions for IDPs

5. METHODOLOGY Participatory and consensus building approach Tool Description Literature review Policies, strategies, research, assessments, mapping etc. Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) 46 KIIs: government actors, donors, NGOs, UN agencies, academics, and private sector. Focus Groups Discussions (FGDs) 12 FGDs in 6 IDP settlements in Hargeisa and Burao. 6 FGDs were with women and 6 FGDs were with men. Youth were engaged in all groups. Consultation and validation workshop Held in Hargeisa on 4 September 2018, with the aim of discussing, and getting consensus on, the preliminary findings and recommendations. Attended by local and national government; local and international NGOs; UN Agencies; and research institutions.

6. ABOUT THE ReDSS SOLUTIONS FRAMEWORK

7. A Framework to measure progress towards durable solutions • A practical, easy-to-use rapid and adaptive analytical tool with a simple visual • It is used as part of a solutions analysis process, which enables users to answer the following questions: •What are the barriers/opportunities for durable solutions? •To what extent have durable solutions been achieved? •What changes to policy and practice are required to advance progress towards durable solutions? •Where to focus and prioritize investments based on gaps and challenges identified? • Can be used by practitioners and policy-makers to tailor programming and policies according to a common logical framework around solutions and based on a collective analysis (humanitarian and development, government, etc)

8. REDSS FRAMEWORK: COMMON DURABLE SOLUTIONS OUTCOMES Measure contribution not attribution towards collective outcomes Criteria Sub criteria (IASC) OUTCOMES Indicators 6 Indicators 1. SAFETY & SECURITY/ PROTECTION/ SOCIAL COHESION 2. ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES 7 indicators 3. ACCESS TO JOB CREATION/ ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES 4 indicators 4. RESTORATION OF HOUSING, LAND & PROPERTY 3 Indicators 5. ACCESS TO DOCUMENTATION 3 Indicators 6. FAMILY REUNIFICATION 3 Indicators 7. PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC AFFAIRS 2 Indicators 8. ACCESS TO EFFECTIVE REMEDIES AND JUSTICE 2 Indicators

9. The solutions analysis: A collaborative process through a consensus building approach and common analysis Validate data and rate the level of achievement of DS for each indicator Create a steering committe reflecting the diversity of DS actors Initiate the process and identify its aims and scope Collect final validation and common analysis/ way forward Gather all relevant actors and authorities secondary data based on the ReDSS indicators

10. The application of the ReDSS Framework has generally followed a 3- step process: •Firstly, it is used to establish a common vision of durable solutions and their component parts among key stakeholders •Secondly, it is used to inform the decision-making on policy and practice through conducting solutions analyses •Thirdly, it is increasingly being used as a tool to inform the design, monitoring, evaluation and adaptation of the solutions-focused strategies and collective outcomes and programs

11. ReDSS Durable Solutions Framework guidance package 1. Guidance manual: outlines how to conduct a solutions analysis based on • a thorough environmental analysis • a criteria and indicator analysis using the ReDSS solutions framework 2. Programming guide: outlines how to design solutions oriented programs and interventions that address the gaps identified in a solutions analysis and to develop collective ouctomes http://regionaldss.org/index.php/capacity-development/solutions-framework-tools/

12. KEY CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS Quantitative data comparing the situation of IDPs with that of the host population is limited. The analysis of the ReDSS Durable Solutions Framework criteria relied heavily on qualitative data, found either in the secondary data or during the KIIs, FGDs and validation workshop. Much of the data available on the IDP population is focused upon those living in settlements in urban areas. There is limited data available on IDPs in rural areas, and IDPs who are living outside of settlements.

13. CORE ELEMENTS TO INFORM SOLUTIONS PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING • Creating durable solutions requires a multi- stakeholder and sectoral, rights and needs based programming approach • The process must be viewed as a collective action rather than mandate driven based on an inclusive, participatory and consensus building approach • National, regional and local authorities have the primary responsibility and need to be supported to to play their leadership and coordinating role • Developing area based Solutions analysis is paramount due to limited absorption capacity, protection concerns, persistent security & access issues • Community engagement is critical to inform (re)integration analysis and programing to make solutions lasting, locally relevant and supportive of social cohesion and to adopt a ‘ ‘displacement affected communities’ ’ approach- inclusive of returnees, IDPs and host communities • Gender/age-sensitive: Interventions should take into account the gender and age dynamics at play and give special attention to the concerns of women and youth • Involve development actors from the start to inform medium to long term sectorial priorities complementing humanitarian interventions

14. USING THE REDSS FRAMEWORK TO ANALYZE THE SPECIFIC NEEDS AND VULNERABILITIES OF IDPS 1.Needs and vulnerabilities of IDPs were analyzed under the following 8 ReDSS/ IASC criteria 2.Each criteria was then rated using a “traffic light” system The situation of IDPs is similar to that of the host community. 1.Protection, safety and security and Social cohesion 2.Access to basic services The situation of IDPs is worse than that of the host community. The situation of IDPs is significantly worse than that of the host community. 3.Access to job creation/economic opportunities; 4.Housing, land and property 5.Access to documentation 6.Family reunification; Inadequate data is available 7.Participation in public affairs 8.Access to effective remedies and justice

15. FINDINGS: KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF DISPLACEMENT IDPs in Somaliland can be found in urban, rural and peri-urban areas, living in settlements or among the host population. Movement between place of displacement and place of origin is common for IDPs; there is also a prevalence of split households with some members, usually male, remaining in rural areas to tend to agricultural land or livestock. The “protracted” IDP population consists of a mix of those displaced by previous droughts; former refugees who have returned from Ethiopia from the 1990s onwards; economic migrants who have moved to the city and tend to be labeled “IDPs”; and a small number of individuals displaced from South-Central Somalia. The majority of recently displaced IDPs in Somaliland were forced to leave their homes from late 2016 onwards by the drought. The frequency and severity of drought has increased over the past decade in Somaliland, and this trend is likely to continue in the coming years, placing an increasing number of people in rural areas at risk of displacement. Distinguishing between IDPs and economic migrants can be challenging: many move to urban areas due to the absence of basic services, particularly water, education and health; and the lack of economic opportunities for young people in rural areas.

17. FINDINGS: PHYSICAL SAFETY • PROTECTION, SAFETY AND SECURITY The majority of IDPs report feeling safe in settlements, although women report feeling unsafe when moving outside of settlements • Available information suggests that IDPs are more exposed to protection risks than the host population. Protection concerns include GBV, forced evictions, and child labor • SOCIAL COHESION Relations between IDPs and the host community are good for the most part IDPs usually settle in areas with the same sub-clan, and therefore enjoy strong social and protective networks •

18. FINDINGS: MATERIAL SAFETY • A number of IDP settlements have no health facilities, and those that do experience shortages of staff and medicines and offer limited services • Host community women are more likely to deliver in a health facility than IDP women ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE ACCESS TO EDUCATION • Recent assessments have found school attendance to be lower for IDP children than host population children • Girls are more likely to be held out of school for work, with this trend being more pronounced among the IDP population • Children often have to walk long distances to attend secondary schools • IDPs and host population share many of the same challenges in accessing water: price, road infrastructure, and distances to water points • IDPs are more likely than the host community to share a latrine with people who are not in their household, or have no access to a latrine at all ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION

19. FINDINGS: MATERIAL SAFETY (CONTINUED) • Food security has improved significantly in the last year • According to FSNAU data, IDPs are more food insecure than the rest of the population: IDPs are more likely to be in IPC Phases 3 and 4 • The FSNAU also estimates that nutrition situation will deteriorate for IDPs in Hargeisa and Berbera between August and October FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION • IDP household incomes tend to be considerably lower than host community, particularly for those who have been displaced by the 2016/2017 drought. • Most IDP households earn small incomes from casual labor • IDP women are increasingly working outside the home e.g. selling products at markets, or working as domestic workers ACCESS TO JOB CREATION/ ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES • The issue of access to land with secure tenure in urban locations is a significant barriers to durable solutions • IDPs living in temporary settlements are vulnerable to land disputes and an increasing trend of forced evictions • There is a lack of land available for the relocation of IDPs, and a lack of land ownership in place of origin also presents a major barrier to return for IDPs RESTORATION OF HOUSING, LAND AND PROPERTY

20. FINDINGS: LEGAL SAFETY • There is a lack of data available comparing access to documentation for IDPs and the host population • The level of birth registration is generally very low in Somaliland ACCESS TO DOCUMENTATION • • IDPs are more likely to be separated from immediate family members Family separation for IDPs is usually part a deliberate strategy, and unintentional separations are rare FAMILY SEPARATION • • Not enough information to rate this sub-criteria Research and assessments suggests that women, youth and minorities in general have limited opportunities to participate in local decision-making processes, although this problem is not specific to IDPs PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC AFFAIRS • • Not enough information available to rate this indicator The forma justice sector faces significant challenges, including a shortage of qualified professionals, limited resources and infrastructure Most people continue to rely on customary law mechanisms. This trend is not specific to IDP communities ACCESS TO JUSTICE AND REMEDIES •

21. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS RELEVANT TO DURABLE SOLUTIONS The National Displacement and Refugee Agency (NDRA) was established in January 2018. The NDRA’s key roles in relation to IDPs include coordination, policy/strategy formulation and oversight, and facilitating durable solutions At the time of writing (October 2018), the NDRA’s 5 year Strategic Plan (2018-2022) is being finalized. The IDP component of the strategy places a strong focus on durable solutions An Internal Displacement Policy was also finalized in 2015, but its implementation to date has been limited Somaliland also has a Disaster Risk Management Policy and a Drought Recovery Strategy. Although neither of these documents is focused on displacement, they outline recovery and resilience guidance and interventions that would help to minimize future displacement, and help to put in place conditions necessary to enable voluntary return

22. OPTIONS FOR DURABLE SOLUTIONS Based on what we currently know about the future plans of IDPs, the perspectives of key informants, and the content of the draft NDRA Strategic Plan, future settlement options are listed below: 1.Relocation within urban areas The main challenges in pursuing this option are 1) the availability of land for relocation in areas to which IDPs would wish to move; and 2) ensuring that relocated IDPs have adequate access to services and economic opportunities in places of relocation 2.Return and reintegration in areas of origin Loss of livelihood, lack of land and property, degradation of land, and insufficient services in rural areas pose significant barriers to return. Furthermore, it is unclear how many IDPs would consider return as an option 3.Increase local integration in current place of displacement Although finding a permanent, durable solution for many IDPs will not be possible in the short to medium term, efforts can still focus on building their self-reliance and resilience in their current place of displacement

23. OPPORTUNITIES FOR FINDING DURABLE SOLUTIONS IDP policy is in place, and the NDRA 5-year Strategic Plan is being finalized. Both provide guidance and outline interventions that would help to establish durable solutions There is a strong presence of NGOs and UN Agencies in Somaliland There is some donor willingness to fund projects focused on durable solutions and building resilience

24. GAPS/BARRIERS TO FINDING DURABLE SOLUTIONS Shortage of relevant and informative data on the IDP population, including their future aspirations and settlement plans, which can inform durable solutions planning Implementation of Internal Displacement Policy is limited Limited knowledge of durable solutions concepts and approaches among many key stakeholders Lack of linkage between interventions in areas of origin and interventions supporting IDPs in urban areas Insufficient funding for resilience building/solutions programming

25. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Strengthen information and knowledge on displacement and solutions 2. Implementing policies, plans and strategies relevant to durable solutions 3. Implementing durable solutions- focused interventions

26. Increase the availability of relevant data to inform solutions planning and programming, including IDP numbers/locations, their future intentions and aspirations, and conditions in areas of origin Strengthening information and knowledge on displacement and solutions Raise awareness on durable solutions concepts and approaches among key stakeholders through trainings, peer-to-peer workshops and other capacity enhancement approaches

27. Ensure the full implementation of the Internal Displacement Policy, and NDRA’s 5 year Strategic Plan, through raising awareness among key stakeholders; developing an action plan for the IDP component of the Strategic Plan, with collective outcomes, as well as a monitoring and evaluation framework; and enhancing the capacity of the NDRA Implementing policies, plans and strategies relevant to durable solutions Adopt a “whole of government” approach to durable solutions by incorporating displacement and solutions within relevant development policies and plans Ensure that the recovery and resilience agenda supports and facilitates durable solutions for IDPs, through closely aligning the planning and implementation of the Drought Recovery Strategy and NDRA’s 5 Year Strategic Plan

28. Increase investment in disaster preparedness and early solutions planning. Ensuring a robust response to displacement will remain crucial, however, a greater focus needs to be placed on systematic preparedness in order to lay the foundations for durable solutions planning Implementing durable solutions- focused interventions Voluntary Relocation: Government efforts to identify relocation land should be redoubled. The relocation process must be government-led, with mobilization of UN and NGO stakeholders to ensure that there is adequate protection, access to services, economic opportunities and transport/road linkages in places of relocation

29. Voluntary return and reintegration: An area-based approach should be taken, ensuring that holistic, joined-up support is provided. Areas that have seen early returns, or areas of high potential return, could be selected for pilot interventions Implementing durable solutions- focused interventions cont. Transitional solutions in place of displacement: Durable solutions will remain out of reach in the for many IDPs in the short/medium term. Therefore, a “transitional solutions” approach, focused on building self-reliance and resilience in place of displacement, should be adopted Adaptive programming: Durable solutions planning and programming should have an in-built flexibility, and be capable of adapting based on 1) changes in context and 2) learning on what works and what does not vis-à-vis durable solutions processes in Somaliland

30. HOW TO GET INFORMATION? ReDSS website (www.regionaldss.org) Social media - Twitter account (ReDSS_HoA) Bi- monthly newsletter – Register on website home page ReDSS Secretariat contacts: Somalia: Rufus Karanja (r.karanja@regionaldss.org) Ethiopia: Jason Bell (j.bell@regionaldss.org) Regional: Aude Galli (a.galli@regionaldss.org)