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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Section 1: The First Greek Civilizations. Objectives:. Explain the impact of Geography in the development of the Greek Civilization Identify the contributions of the Minoan Civilization.

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Section 1: The First Greek Civilizations

  2. Objectives: • Explain the impact of Geography in the development of the Greek Civilization • Identify the contributions of the Minoan Civilization

  3. “Madame, there is not a man in the wide world who could find fault with you. For your fame has reached heaven itself, like that of some perfect king, ruling a populous and mighty state with the fear of god in his heart, and upholding the right.” - The Odyssey, Homer E.V. Riey, trans., 1946

  4. The Impact of Geography • Compared with Mesopotamia and Egypt, Greece occupies a small area. • It consists of mountainous peninsula and numerous islands that encompass about 50,000 square miles of territory (about the size of the state of Louisiana)

  5. Much of Greece consists of small plains and river valleys surrounded by high mountain ranges, isolating Greeks from one another causing different communities to develop their own fiercely independent communities. • The sea also influences the evolution. • Long seacoast dotted by bays and inlets that provided many harbors.

  6. It was no accident that Greeks became seafarers. • They sailed the Aegean Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and Black Seas and made contact with the outside world.

  7. Minoan Civilization • By 2800 B.C., Bronze Age civilization that used metals, especially bronze, in making weapons had been established on a large island of Crete, southeast of the Greek mainland. • Called the Minoan civilization, it flourished between 2700 and 1450 B.C. • The ships of the Minoans took them to Egypt as well as southern Greece in search of goods.

  8. The complex on Crete at Knossos revealed a great palace, where there were royal seats for the kings and elaborate buildings and goods. • The centers of Minoan civilizations on Crete suffered a sudden and catastrophic collapse around 1450 B.C. • Some Historians believe a tidal wave triggered a volcanic eruption on the island of Thera. • Most Historians believe that the destruction was the result of invasion by mainland Greeks known as the Mycenaean's.

  9. Objectives • Identify the first Greek city-state • Explain the Dark Ages • Analyze the significance of Homer

  10. The First Greek State: Mycenae • Mycenaean comes from Mycenae, a fortified site in Greece that was first discovered by a German archaeologist, with excavation beginning in 1870 • Mycenae was one of a number of centers in a Mycenaean Greek civilization that flourished between 1600 and 1100 B.C. • Developed by an Indo-European group of people who entered from the North around 1900 B.C.

  11. The civilization was made up of powerful monarchies that resided in fortified palace centers, built on hills and surrounded by stone. • Citizens lived in scattered locations outside the walls. • Tholos tombs, or burial sites of the royal families, are distinct features of the Mycenaean centers, resembling beehives. (page 111)

  12. Mycenaean Lion’s Gate

  13. The people were warriors who prided themselves on their battles. • Mycenaean monarchs developed an extensive commercial network. How do we know this? • One of the most epic of Mycenaean military adventures was recorded by Homer.

  14. By the late thirteenth century B.C., Mycenaean states were at war with one another, and major earthquakes were causing damage. • In the 12th century, new Greek-speaking invaders moved into Greece from the North. By 1100 B.C., the empire had collapsed. • Population declined and food production dropped between 1100 and 750 B.C., which is referred to as the Dark Age.

  15. Developments of the Dark Age • Many Greeks left the mainland and went to the western shores of Asia Minor to a territory that would later be called Ionia. (Modern day Turkey) • Two major groups of Greeks established other parts of Greece; the Aeolians in northern and central Greece, and the Dorians of southwestern Greece.

  16. Revival in some trade and economic activity besides agriculture. • Iron replaced Bronze in weapons and farming tools, making it more affordable. • 8thcentury B.C., Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet • made reading and writing simpler. • Near the end of the Dark Ages, Homer, one of the greatest poets of all time, began to write.

  17. Homer • Most famous works: Iliad and the Odyssey. • The Iliad is not so much a story of the war itself, but rather a tale of Achilles, and how his anger led to disaster. • Both were epic poems, a long poem the tells the tale of a great hero. • Both were based on stories that had been passed down from generation to generation, using stories from the Trojan War. • The Odyssey recounts the journey of Odysseus after the fall of Troy.

  18. Homer did not record history, rather, he created it. • The values Homer taught were courage and honor. A hero strives for excellences, which the Greeks called arete, which is won through a struggle or contest.

  19. Closure: Page 113- Funeral Mask Sentence: • Which Greek work do you find the most interesting? What did these stories teach Greeks?

  20. Homework • Page 113 1-6 For #3, simply be able to locate on a map.

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