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Principles of Immunity and Immune Disorders

Principles of Immunity and Immune Disorders . Specific Acquired Immune Response. A specific response that is directed only at the invading agent. Two keys words to remember: Specific Memory. bio-alive.com. Lymphocytes. There are 3 types of lymphocytes (white blood cells): T Cells

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Principles of Immunity and Immune Disorders

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  1. Principles of Immunity and Immune Disorders

  2. Specific Acquired Immune Response • A specific response that is directed only at the invading agent. • Two keys words to remember: • Specific • Memory bio-alive.com

  3. Lymphocytes • There are 3 types of lymphocytes (white blood cells): • T Cells • Thymus-dependent • B Cells • Bone marrow-derived • Natural Killer Cells

  4. Immune System • Antibody-mediated (humoral)Immunity • Involves the production of antibodies by B cells. • Cell-mediated Immunity • Involves a variety of cell types including: • T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells.

  5. Antigens and Antibodies • Antigens • Induce an immune response. • Induce the formation of antibodies. • Epitopes • Individual molecules on the microbe’s surface that the body recognizes as foreign. • Antibodies • React specifically to the antigen that induced them. • More specifically, the epitope that induced them.

  6. Antibodies • All antibodies belong to a group of proteins called immunoglobulins. • Immunoglobulins are globular glycoproteins in the blood that participate in immune reactions. • Also found in lymph, tears, saliva, and colostrum. • There are 5 classes of immunoglobulins (Ig): • IgA • IgD • IgE • IgG • IgM

  7. Basic Structure of Antibodies • Looks like a Y. • Has 2 light chains. • Has 2 heavy chains. • Has 2 antigen binding sites (purple) that are variable regions. • Has a constant region (bottom of Y).

  8. Acquired Immunity • Active Acquired Immunity • Natural • Artificial • Passive Acquired Immunity • Natural • Artificial

  9. Hypersensitivity Reactions • Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens. • Depend on the presence of an antigen and T cells that are sensitized to that antigen. • May or may not involve antibodies. • There are 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions: • Immediate-type Hypersensitivity Reactions • Types I – Types III • Delayed-type Hypersensitivity Reactions • Type IV

  10. Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions • Also called anaphylactic reactions. • Include classic allergic responses like hay fever symptoms, asthma, hives, etc. • All involve IgE antibodies and the release of chemical mediators (especially histamine) from mast cells and basophils. • How does this happen?

  11. Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions cdavies.wordpress.com

  12. Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions • Localized Anaphylaxis • Depends on how the allergen enters the body. • Involves chemical release of mast cells in area. • Involves IgE antibody • Systemic Anaphylaxis • Involves chemical release of basophils in bloodstream. • Involves IgE antibody. • Throughout body so usually more serious. • Anaphylactic shock – severe, potentially fatal condition.

  13. Type II Hypersensitivity Reactions • Cytotoxic reactions • Body cells are destroyed during this reaction. • Involve IgG or IgM antibodies. • Ex. - incompatible blood transfusions

  14. Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions • Immune complex reactions. • Damage to tissues and organs is initiated by antigen – antibody complexes. • Involve IgG or IgM antibodies, complement, and neutrophils. • Ex. – serum sickness • Ex. – some autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.

  15. Type IV Hypersensitivity Reactions • Delayed-type Hypersensitivity or cell-mediated immune reactions. • Are part of cell-mediated immunity. • Occur usually between 24-48 hours or longer after exposure or contact. • Involves a variety of cell types including macrophages, cytotoxic T cells, and NK cells • But antibodies do not play major roll. • Ex. Contact dermatitis after touching certain metals, poison ivy, creams, etc. • Ex. Tuberculosis test uses this science to look for the presence of TB in person or past exposure.

  16. Immunodiagnostic Procedures • Many different types of tests that are based on immunologic principles. • Usually expose patient’s serum to suspected microbe, toxin, etc. • If antibodies present they will bind to some type of protein present in the microbe/toxin etc. • This will result in some visible change that suggests presence of a pathogen. • No change indicates pathogen not present. • Ex. – Enzyme Linked Assay (ELISA) www.wipo.int

  17. The End

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