1914-Present Review By: Marisa Tome With Mr. Geoffrion as Supervising Editor

1. 1914-Present ReviewBy: Marisa TomeWith Mr. Geoffrion as Supervising Editor

2. The Big Picture: Connections Causation, and Concepts • How do nationalism and self-determination impact on global events? • Are world cultures converging? How • How do increasing globalization, population growth and resource use change the environment?

3. Setting the Stage: The WWI Era • Most of the world was either colonized by Europe, or was once colonized by Europe • Industrial Revolution = more potential for destruction • Rise of nationalism => militarism • Unifications of Germany (1871) and Italy (1870)

4. Shifting Alliances • Up to WWI, European powers tried to keep balance of power (by forming alliances) • Triple Alliance • Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy • Created by Otto von Bismarck [1880s] • Franco-Russian alliance [1890s] • Schlieffen Plan [1905] • German attack on France through Belgium • Triple Entente • Britain, Russia, and France [1905]

5. Trouble in the Balkans • Ottoman empire kept loosing territories • Greece [1829] • Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro • Serbia wanted Bosnia and Herzegovina (under Austria-Hungary) • Russia allied with Serbia • Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austria-Hungary) and wife assassinated by Serbian nationalist GavariloPrincip

6. World War I: The Great War

7. U.S. Joins War • Declared neutrality • Preferred isolationism • German submarine sinks British passenger The Lusitania [1915] • 100+ Americans killed • German ships attacked U.S. merchant ships en route to Britain • Zimmermann telegram- intercepted by U.S. • Sent to Mexico by Germany to convince them to join forces with Germany to regain territory lost in Mexican- American War • April 2, 1917, America sides with Allies

8. WWI Over • November 11, 1918 end of war • Impacts • Government took over industrial production, price controls, and rationing of products • Women moved into factories to help out • Women’s suffrage movement advancements

9. The Treaty of Versailles • [1919] brought official end to World War I • Departed from President Wilson’s Fourteen Points • Punitive against Germany (blamed Germany for war) • Pay war reparations • Release territory • Cut down military • Weakened Germany’s economy • Bred resentment

10. The League of Nations • President Wilson called for League of Nations • Leaders of Versailles agreed and created organization to preserve peace • Many nations (including the United States) did not join it.

11. The Russian Revolution • February [1917] Czar Nicholas forced out • Alexander Kerensky established government • Shared power with local councils (soviets) • Wanted to stay in The Great War • [1918] working class Russians (represented by soviets) rallied behind Bolsheviks

12. The Russian Revolution • Vladimir Lenin: April Theses • Peace, land for peasants, power to soviets • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Gave piece of western Russia to Germany • Dropped out of World War I • Established the Soviet Union

13. The Red Army • [1918-1921] • Leon Trotsky • Against counterrevolutionary revolts • Effects • Increased distrust between Soviet Union and the west • Established a powerful army

14. The Sick Man of Europe is Put Out of His Misery • Ottoman Empire joined Central Powers of WWI • Lost most of remaining land • Greeks attacked Ottoman Empire • Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) “the Father of Turks” led military against Greeks • Overthrew Ottoman sultan • [1923] first president of modern day Turkey • Secularized government against much opposition

15. Soviet Union • [1920s] New Economic Policy (NEP) • Successful in agriculture • Joseph Stalin • Totalitarianism: absolute control by the state or a governing branch of a highly centralizedinstitution. • Five Year Plans • Collectivization: take over private farms and combine them into state-owned enterprise • Nationalized factories

16. “The Great Purge” • Period of terror in USSR [1936-1938] • Under totalitarianism, Stalin used terror tactics to get nation to comply • Gov. killed enemies • Secret police force • False trials • Assassinations • Labor camps • Famines

17. The Great Depression • After WWI, the United States becomes a creditor nation • Americans lent Europeans money, especially France and Germany • The Great Depression • U.S. Stock market crashed [October 29, 1929] • Stopped extending credit

18. Fascism Gains Momentum • Main Idea: destroy the will of the individual in favor of “the people” • Wanted a unified society • Extreme nationalism

19. Communist Totalitarianism vs. Fascist Totalitarianism -Extreme Right Wing -Rely on Traditional Institutions and Class Distinctions Extremely Nationalistic Nationalism Often Based on Racism -Extreme Left Wing -Destroy Traditional Institutions and Class Distinctions -Seek to Control Every Aspect of Life -Power Rests in Hands of a Single Militaristic Leader

20. Fascism in Italy • National Fascist Party [1919] Benito Mussolini • Blackshirts: fight socialist and communist organizations • Mussolini named prime minister • [1926] Italy turned into totalitarian fascist regime

21. Spain • General Franco takes control of large parts of Spain [1936] • [1939] capture Madrid and install dictatorship in Spain

22. The Rise of Hitler • Weimar Republic after WWI • Reichstag: the republic’s elected body • National Socialist Part rose to power [1920s] • Adolf Hitler: leader, guide or fuhrer • Nazism: extreme nationalism; Aryan race most highly evolved • [1932] Nazis dominated German government • [1933] Hitler chancellor (leader) or Reichstag • Third Reich

23. Nationalism in Europe vs Nationalism in its Colonies -Often Fueled Extreme Racism -National Pride = National Expansion -Nationalism = Self Determination -National Pride = National Sovereignty -Often Willing to Engage in Violence to Achieve this End

24. Germany takes over • [1933] Hitler started to rebuild German military • Against Treaty of Versailles • Withdrew from League of Nations • [1935] took back the Rhineland • [1937] Germany makes alliance with Japan • [1938] annexed Austria and Sudetenland

25. Munich Conference • [1938] • Hitler, Mussolini, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (England) • Germany gets Sudetenland for the promise to cease expansion • “Appeasement”

26. Pacts • March [1939] Nonaggression pact with France, Greece, Turkey, Romania, and Poland • If any one attacked, all go to war • Nazi-Soviet Pact [August 1939] • Germany would not invade Soviet Union if Soviets stayed out of military affairs; secret plan to divide Poland

27. Japan • Success of WWI leads to thriving economy • Aggression towards China • [1931] invaded Manchuria & renamed it Manchukuo • Withdrew from League of Nations • Anti-CominternPact [1936] • Against communism • [1937] Rape of Nanjing

28. WWII • Germany invades Poland *Start of WWII • German tactic: blitzkrieg “lightening war” • Gained Holland, Belgium, France • Went for Britain • Battle of Britain [1940] • Britain effectively utilizes radar • Italy and Germany go for Greece • Balkans belonged to Soviet Union; voided Nazi-Soviet Pact

29. Back to Japan • Tripartite Pact with Rome and Berlin • Invaded Indochina and other islands • U. S. tried to stay neutral • Froze Japanese assets in the U.S. • Japan threatened U.S. to lift sanctions; U.S. refused

30. Pearl Harbor • [Dec. 7, 1941] Japanese bombed U.S. naval station in Hawaii at Pearl Harbor • U.S. declared war on Japan • Germany declared war on United States

31. The Allies on the Offensive • Manhattan Project- secret in the United States to develop an atomic bomb • [June 6, 1944] D-Day • Allies land on beaches of Normandy and battle across France • [1942] Red Army (Soviets) defeat Germany at Stalingrad & advance west • [May 1945] Allies approach Hitler’s troops from east and west • Hitler commits suicide • War is over!

32. War in the Pacific • Americans “island hopping” to take back islands from Japan • President Truman ordered dropping of atomic bombs on Japan • Hiroshima: [August 6, 1945] • Nagasaki: [August 9, 1945] • Japan surrendered; end of war

33. The Holocaust Revealed • “The Final Solution” • Jews blamed for societal problems • ~6 million Jews killed • ~6 million Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, disabled people, and political dissidents killed

34. The Peace Settlement • United States and Soviet Union become superpowers • Germany occupied by Allies • Prosecution and sentencing of Nazi officials • Japan forced to demilitarize & establish democracy

35. Europe Torn to Shreds • Infrastructure and communities in Europe devastated • [1947] Marshall Plan instituted by U.S. • $$$ available to all European countries • Economies of Western Europe recovered

36. Women • Women started working outside of home to compensate for men in the military • After war: • Women kept jobs • Sought higher education

37. International Organizations • United Nations [1945] • Replaced League of Nations • Goal to mediate and intervene (if necessary) in international disputes between nations • The World Bank • International Monetary Fund • General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs • Changed name to World Trade Organization (WTO)

38. The Cold War • [1945-1990s] • U.S. and Soviet Union vied for global domination • U.S.: capitalism and democracy • Soviet Union: communism (totalitarianism)

39. “Spheres of Influence” • Drawn up by the Allies at conferences at Yalta and Potsdam • Germany divided into four regions under either France, Britain, U.S., or the Soviet Union • Soviet Union wanted Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria to be under influence • U.S. wanted countries to have free elections

40. Divided Germany • [1948] French, Britain, and U.S. regions merged into one: West Germany • Soviet Union’s region became East Germany • Berlin in East Germany, but ½ owned by West Germany

41. Berlin • Soviet Union wanted Berlin as sole part of East Germany • Set up Berlin Blockade • Blocked land access from the west • Berlin Airlift • West Germany sent aircraft carriers with food and fuel • [1961] Wall between east and west Berlin

42. East vs. West Soviet Bloc “Soviet satellites” • East Germany • Poland • Czechoslovakia • Romania • Hungary • Formed the Warsaw Pact Western Bloc • Britain • France • Italy • Belgium • Netherlands • Norway • West Germany • Greece • Turkey • Formed NATO Iron Curtin: line between east and west dubbed by Winston Churchill. Western influence not permitted east, Easterners not permitted to go west.

43. The Truman Doctrine • [1947] the United States explicitly stated that it would aid countries threatened by communist takeovers • containment • NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) • Military alliance of western bloc

44. China • Fall of Manchu Dynasty [1911] • Chinese Revolution of [1911] • Sun Yat-sen • Three Principles of the People- nationalism, socialism, democracy

45. China (cont) • Kuomindang (KMT) • Political party made by Sun Yat-sen • made the ruling party of China by Chiang Kai-shek • Japanese Empire invaded Manchuria and took over all of China [1930s]…Civil War on Hold • U.S. pumped money into KMT’s effort against Japan, Soviets not as active

46. Mao Zedong • [1949] communists pushed Kuomindang out and into Taiwan (established the Republic of China there) • China becomes the People’s Republic of China; largest communist nation in the world • Focus on steel and agriculture • [1950s] Great Leap Forward: communes created • “Great Stumble Backward” local governments couldn’t produce high agricultural quotas. They lied and starvation led to ~30 million deaths

47. Mao Zedong • Soviet Union withdrew support because China didn’t want to be under Soviet Union • Focus switched back to military • The Cultural Revolution: discourage anything approaching a privileged ruling class • Instituted reforms to erase western influence • Universities shut down • Elites sent to work on farms “cultural retraining” • When universities reopened, curriculum had only communist studies • LittleRedBook: collection of Mao Zedong’s teachings on communism

48. Deng Xiaoping • [1970s] China opened up to western ideas • [1976] new leadership under Deng Xiaoping changed education policy • Entered joint ventures with foreign companies (profits and decisions shared) • Limited business and property ownership

49. China • Economy expanding rapidly, however still communist political sense • Resisted government and social reforms • [1989] Tiananmen Square massacre • One million demonstrators converged, government troops opened fire and killed hundreds of people

50. Korea • Korea invaded by Japanese • After Japanese lost WWII, Korea was supposed to be re-established as an Empire • Occupied by Soviet Union (north of 38 parallel) and the United States (south)