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CH. 3 COMMUNICATING ACROSS CULTURES

CH. 3 COMMUNICATING ACROSS CULTURES. By Nancy Adler. I. COMMUNICATING CROSS-CULTURALLY A. THE PROCESS IS BASED ON SYMBOLS 1. Sender encodes symbol message 2. Channel transmits message 3. Receiver decodes symbol message B. PROCESS IS CULTURE-BASED 1. Chinese

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CH. 3 COMMUNICATING ACROSS CULTURES

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  1. CH. 3 COMMUNICATING ACROSS CULTURES By Nancy Adler

  2. I. COMMUNICATING CROSS-CULTURALLY • A. THE PROCESS IS BASED ON SYMBOLS • 1. Sender encodes symbol message • 2. Channel transmits message • 3. Receiver decodes symbol message • B. PROCESS IS CULTURE-BASED • 1. Chinese • Eight sounds like faat which means prosperity • So anything with 8 in it seems lucky • The sound of word for 4 is same as for death • So anything with 4 in it is avoided • 2. US • Lucky numbers: 7, 11 • 3. England: yes=respectful, yeah=disrespectful

  3. 4. Japanese businessman wants to say no: “that will be very difficult” • 5. Norwegian sets to work on the “difficulties” • C. THE GREATER THE CULTURAL DIFFERENCE, THE GREATER THE MISCOMMUNICATION • II. CROSS-CULTURAL MISPERCEPTION • A. WE SEE THINGS THAT ARE NOT THERE OR DO NOT SEE THINGS THAT ARE • 1. Selective • 2. Learned • 3. Culturally determined • 4. Consistent • 5. Inaccurate

  4. B. PEOPLE DO NOT PERCEIVE ACCURATELY • FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT OF YEARSOF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF YEARS • III. CROSS-CULTURAL MISINTERPRETATION • A. WE ASSIGN THE WRONG MEANING • B. CATEGORIES • Use home country categories to make sense out of foreign situations • Things get put in wrong category • Woman at a desk: secretary?Assistant? Businesswoman?

  5. C. CATEGORIES, STEREOTYPING, ONLY USEFUL WHEN: • Consciously held • Descriptive • Accurate • First, best guess • Modified: when get more info, update category • D. WAY TO LEARN NEW CULTURE • Use first, best guesswhen get off the plane • Update stereotypes as getmore information • Stereotyping is only usefulwhen accurate • Ineffective when rigidly held in face of contradictory evidence

  6. E. SOURCES OF MISINTERPRETATION • Subconscious blinders • We do not understand our own culture • Do not know when our behavior stems from our culture • Lack of cultural self-awareness • Least aware of our own cultural characteristics • Ask foreigners for description of ourselves • Look at own proverbs • Projected similarity • Assume a difference • Don’t need to adoptforeigner’s point of view • Role reversal

  7. IV. CROSS-CULTURAL MISEVALUATION • A. Judging whether something is good or bad • B. Self-reference criterion: judge everything according to one’s own cutlure • V. COMMUNICATION: GETTING THEIR MEANING, NOT JUST THEIR WORDS • A. Understanding: Converging Meanings • Verbal Behavior • Repetition, clear, slow speech, simple words, active verbs • Nonverbal Behavior • Pauses, gestures, visual restatements: pictures, graphs, summaries • Assume a difference • Assume they do not understand • Take breaks, draw out all communicators, reinforcement

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