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Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece. Battle of Marathon 490 B.C.E. Essential Questions. 6.G. 1 Understand geographic factors that influenced the emergence, expansion and decline of civilizations, societies and regions (i.e. Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas) over time .

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Ancient Greece

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  1. Ancient Greece Battle of Marathon 490 B.C.E.

  2. Essential Questions • 6.G.1 Understand geographic factors that influenced the emergence, expansion and decline of civilizations, societies and regions (i.e. Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas) over time. • 6.H.2 Understand the political, economic and/or social significance of historical events, issues, individuals and cultural groups. • 6.C.1 Explain how the behaviors and practices of individuals and groups influenced societies, civilizations and regions.

  3. Clarifying Objectives • 6.G.1.1 Explain how the physical features and human characteristics of a place influenced the development of civilizations, societies and regions (e.g., location near rivers and natural barriers, trading practices and spread of culture). • 6.G.1.3 Compare distinguishing characteristics of various world regions (e.g., physical features, culture, political organization and ethnic make-up). • 6.H.2.2 Compare historical and contemporary events and issues to understand continuity and change. • 6.C.1.1 Analyze how cultural expressions reflected the values of civilizations, societies and regions (e.g., oral traditions, art, dance, music, literature, and architecture).

  4. Essential Questions • How did the Athenians use NATURAL BARRIERS during the Battle of Marathon? • Why would the Athenians choose to live in a region that had NATURAL BARRIERS? • How does the region of Greece’s physical features help Ancient Greece in their famous battles? • How do today’s Marathons relate to the Ancient Battle of Marathon? • How did the Athenians create a culture expression to honor victory at the battle of Marathon?

  5. Ancient Greece • Ancient Greece is located between the Mediterranean Sea & Aegean Sea • It is known for beautiful SEA & MOUNTAIN settings • These distinguishing features have PROTECTED Greece for hundreds of years

  6. Essential Questions • Get with a partner and answer… • How does the region of Greece’s physical features help Ancient Greece in their famous battles? • Why would the Athenians choose to live in a region that had NATURAL BARRIERS?

  7. Athens will Burn • Darius never forgot about his hatred of Ancient Greece and planned an all out attack • He had to decide whether to attack • Attack by land • Attack by sea • He decides to attack by land and march 26.2 miles to Athens and burn it to the ground

  8. Athens Overmatched • Athens going into the Battle of Marathon only had 10,000 men • King Darius of Persia had united the Persian Army and now was trying to get revenge on Athens • Darius brings 20,000 men to attack at Marathon • Athens did have one secret weapon

  9. Natural Barriers • Athens General Miltiades knows that for Darius to march to Athens he needs to go through the mountains • Miltiades will block the mountain pass with his men

  10. Natural Barriers • The mountains on the sides of Miltiades Athenian Army serve as PROTECTION so the large Persian Army could not get the Athenians from the side • NATURAL BARRIERS always are used as PROTECTION • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgUFIf-uRN0 • 16:42-18:30

  11. Essential Questions • Get with a partner and answer… • How did the Athenians use NATURAL BARRIERS during the Battle of Marathon?

  12. Phalanx Formation • Athenian General Miltiades uses the Phalanx Battle Formation • This is very affective because the natural barrier of the mountain does not allow the Persians to get to the sides

  13. Cork in a Bottle • Miltiades men form a kind of “Cork in a Bottle” • Persians must break through the “Cork” to get through the mountain pass & on to Athens

  14. Persians Land in Marathon Bay • Persians send 10,000 Light Infantry at the Athenians • Persian Light Infantry carry small swords and wicker shields • They slam up against the Athenian Phalanx & are no match for the Athenians

  15. Immortals • Immortals were the Heavy Infantry of the Persians • Immortals are the Athenians worst nightmare • They are killing machines that are very well trained and have never lost a battle

  16. Miltiades changes his Plan • Because the Immortals were so deadly Miltiades has to change his strategy • Miltiades brings his Phalanx out of the Mountain pass to the mouth of the pass • This is so he has a little bit of room on the flanks to close in

  17. Miltiades changes his Plan • Because the mouth of the pass is wider he has to take some of his men out of the CENTER of the Phalanx & put them on the sides to fortify the sides • This made the center of the Phalanx weaker but the sides stronger

  18. Why make the sides Stronger • The reason he made the sides stronger… • He wanted to make sure the Persians couldn't get to the sides and surround him • He knew the Persians like to use their Horseman to attack from the sides because that is the weakest part of an army

  19. Immortals Attack • Immortals attack the center of the Phalanx crashing into the Athenians and immediately pushing them back • He realizes that the Immortals are pushing him back and he is losing • The Phalanx is about to bust open

  20. Surprise!! • Although the center of the Phalanx is being pushed back • The sides (Flanks) are holding up and pushing back the Immortals on the sides

  21. Miltiades orders a Surrounding • Miltiades seeing that the Phalanx on the sides is slaughtering the Immortal guard orders the side Phalanxes to collapse to the center • The Persians are surrounded on 3 sides and panic • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgUFIf-uRN0 • 29:02-36:28

  22. Persian Retreat • Knowing that they are beat the Persians retreat to Marathon Bay where their ships are as they are being chased by the Athenians • The Athenians cannot get there in time and the Persians shove off & head for Athens

  23. Mixed Emotions • Miltiades is very happy as he has defeated the Persian Army at Marathon only having 10,000 warriors • He is SCARED though because he knows that they have gotten back on the ships and are heading to Athens to burn it down

  24. Running the Marathon • Miltiades sends a runner named Pheidippidesto warn the city of Athens • The runner will have to run 26.2 miles from Marathon Bay to the city of Athens • He runs all night long

  25. Finishing the Marathon • The runner reaches Athens from Marathon in the morning and runs into the center of town square & yells NIKE which is the Greek Goddess of VICTORY • He warns that the Persians are on their way • He throws up his hands collapses and dies • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgUFIf-uRN0 • 38:02-38:45

  26. Athens Army Assembles • Because of the messenger Athens assembles an army to wait for the Persians at Athens • The Persians get to Athens and see the massive Athenian Army waiting for them • Persians decide better of attacking & sail home

  27. Athens is Saved • Miltiades saves the city of Athens by…. • Using a NATURAL BARRIER to defend Marathon Bay • Send the messenger to run the “Marathon” to warn Athens that the Persians were coming • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgUFIf-uRN0 • 39:50-41:00

  28. Parthenon • A tribute to the Greek Goddess Athena is built to honor the soldiers at the Battle of Marathon • This building is called the PARTHENON • On its walls 192 figures are carved to honor all 192 Athenians soldiers that died at the Battle of Marathon • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_Xr4u8mofU • 21:29-22:53

  29. Essential Questions • Get with a partner and answer… • How did the Athenians create a culture expression to honor victory at the battle of Marathon?

  30. Marathons Today • Battle of Marathon still lives with us today • People run long distance races today called Marathons • These races are exactly 26.2 miles the exact distance from Marathon Bay to Athens

  31. Essential Questions • Get with a partner and answer… • How do today’s Marathons relate to the Ancient Battle of Marathon?

  32. Important Points • 6.G.1.1 (Natural Barriers) Miltiades used the Natural Barrier of a mountain pass to PROTECT his civilization from invasion • 6.H.2.2 (Contemporary & Historical Events) Long distance races that are 26.2 miles long are still called Marathons today in honor of the Battle of Marathon • 6.G.1.3 (distinguishing characteristic of regions [physical features]) Most of Greece has mountains which played an important role in Ancient Greece’s famous battles • 6.C.1.1 (Architecture) Athenians constructed the PARTHENON to celebrate the victory @ Marathon

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