Chapter 9 Regional Economic Integration By: Ms. Adina Malik (ALK)

1. Chapter 9 Regional Economic Integration By: Ms. Adina Malik (ALK)

2. Learning objectives • Regional Economic Integration • Levels of Economic Integration • EURO- the establishment, benefits and costs • NAFTA & USMCA • ASEAN • SAARC • SAFTA

3. Regional Economic Integration • Regional economic integrationrefers to an economic arrangement between different nations marked by the reduction of or elimination of trade barriers and the coordination of monetary and fiscal policies. • The aim of economic integration is to reduce costs for both consumers and producers, as well as, increase trade between the countries taking part in the agreement.

4. Monetary Policy & Fiscal Policy • Monetary Policy: Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money, often targeting an inflation rate or interest rate to ensure price stability and general trust in the currency. • Fiscal Policy: Fiscal policy is the means by which a government adjusts its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and influence a nation's economy. It is the sister strategy to monetary policy

5. Levels Of Economic Integration

6. Levels Of Economic Integration There are five levels of economic integration: 1. A free trade areaeliminates all barriers to the trade of goods and services among member countries, but members determine their own trade policies for nonmembers • E.g. the European Free Trade Association (between Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland), and the North American Free Trade Agreement(between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico) are both free trade areas • This is the least integrated.

7. Levels Of Economic Integration 2.A customs unioneliminates trade barriers between member countries and adopts a common external trade policy • The Andean Pact (between Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador and Peru) is an example of a customs union • Customs Union=Free Trade Area + Common External Trade Policy

8. Levels Of Economic Integration 3. A common markethas no barriers to trade between member countries, a common external trade policy, and the free movement of the factors of production • MERCOSUR (between Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay) is aiming for common market status • Common Market= Customs Union + free movement of the factors of production

9. Levels Of Economic Integration 4.An economic unionhas the free flow of products and factors of production between members, a common external trade policy, a common currency, a harmonized tax rates, and a common monetary and fiscal policy • The European Union(EU) is an economic union, although an imperfect one since not all members of the EU have adopted the euro, and differences in tax rates across countries still remain • Economic Union= Common Market + common currency+ common tax rate + common monetary and fiscal policies

10. Levels Of Economic Integration 5. A political unioninvolves a central political apparatus that coordinates the economic, social, and foreign policy of member states • The EU is headed toward at least partial political union. • Political Union= Economic Union+ common economic, political and foreign policy • This is the most integrated.

11. European Union

12. The Establishment Of The Euro • The Maastricht Treaty (signed on Feb 22, 1992) committed the EU to adopt a single currency by January 1, 1999. • By adopting the euro, the EU has created the second largest currency zone in the world after that of the U.S. dollar • The euro is used by 19 of the 28 member states • For now, four EU countries-United Kingdom, Denmark, Poland and Sweden, that are eligible to participate in the euro-zone, are opting out.

13. Benefits Of the Euro • Single currency -there are savings from having to handle one currency, rather than many. (Savings from lower foreign exchange) • A common currency will make it easier to compare prices across Europe => competition and lower prices => substantial gain for the European consumers • European producers will be forced to look for ways to reduce their production costs in order to maintain their profit margins • It should give a strong boost to the development of highly liquid pan-European capital market • A pan-European euro denominated capital market will increase the range of investment options open both to individuals and institutions

14. Costs Of The Euro • National authorities lose control over the monetary policy- The Maastricht Treaty required establishment of the ECB (European Central Bank) to mandate interest rate and monetary policy across the Euro zone and to be independent from political pressure (Questionable!) • The EU is not an optimal currency area(an area where similarities in the underlying structure of economic activities make it feasible to adopt a single currency and use a single exchange rate as an instrument of macro-economic policy). • E.g. Finland and Portugal have different wage rates, tax regimes and business cycles and they may react very differently to external economic shocks.

15. Video Tutorial https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbEZNhFY9TA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQjYGFLawFw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_fzNdnzL8Ms

16. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) • The North American Free Trade Area(NAFTA) became law January 1, 1994 • NAFTA’s participants are the United States, Canada, and Mexico

17. The North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA’s Contents: • abolish tariffs on 99 percent of the goods traded between members • remove most barriers on the cross-border flow of services • protect intellectual property rights • remove most restrictions on FDI between the three member countries • allow each country to apply its own environmental standards, provided such standards have a scientific base • establish two commissions to impose fines and remove trade privileges when environmental standards or legislation involving health and safety, minimum wages, or child labor are ignored

18. USMCA : The USA-Mexico-Canada Agreement Will take effect in 2020; will be reviewed every six years and could expire in 2036, or be extended to 2052. • Country of origin rules: Automobiles must have 75 percent of their components manufactured in Mexico, the US, or Canada to qualify for zero tariffs (up from 62.5 percent under NAFTA). • Labor provisions: 40 to 45 percent of automobile parts have to be made by workers who earn at least $16 an hour by 2023. • Tariff: U.S. tariffs of 25 percent on steel and 10 percent on aluminum from Canada and Mexico remain in effect as negotiations continue.

19. USMCA • Dairy : U.S. dairy farmers will be allowed to sell more milk to Canada. Previously, the U.S. has long complained that Canada's system of domestic quotas protects its dairy farmers from foreign competition. • Currency: The new deal includes a new currency chapter that commits the three countries to maintain market-determined exchange rates and refrain from competitive devaluations of their currencies. • Digital Trade: The new agreement raises duty-free shopping limits to $100 to enter Mexico and C$150 ($115) to enter Canada without facing import duties - well above the $50 previously allowed in Mexico and C$20 permitted by Canada.

20. USMCA • Intellectual Property: Strong and effective protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights: Canada agreed to extend its monopoly period from eight years to 10 years and Mexico from five to 10 years. • Dispute Settlement: Trade disputes will continue to be decided by a panel of representatives from all three nations. • Sunset Clause: The countries settled on a 16-year term for the deal, with a review to identify and fix problems and a chance of a deal extension after six years.

21. Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): • It was formed in 1967 • It currently includes Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia, and Laos. The first six are the original members. • It wants to foster freer trade between member countries and to achieve some cooperation in their industrial policies • An ASEAN Free Trade Area(AFTA) between the six original members of ASEAN came into effect in 2003.

22. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) • The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and geopolitical organization of eight countries that are primarily located in South Asia. The SAARC Secretariat is based in Kathmandu, Nepal. • The idea of was first raised in 2 May 1980 by the then Bangladesh President Ziaur Rahman and the first summit was held in Dhaka on 8 December 1985, when the organization was established by the governments of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Since then the organization has expanded by accepting one new full member, Afghanistan.

23. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) • The SAARC policies aim to promote welfare economics, collective self-reliance among the countries of South Asia, and to accelerate socio-cultural development in the region. The SAARC has developed external relations by establishing permanent diplomatic relations with the EU, the UN (as an observer), and other multilateral entities. The official meetings of the leaders of each nation are held annually whilst the foreign ministers meet twice annually.

24. The South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) • The South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) is an agreement reached on 6 January 2004 at the 12th SAARC Summit in Islamabad, Pakistan. It created a free trade area of 1.6 billion people in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka (as of 2011, the combined population is 1.8 billion people). The seven foreign ministers of the region signed a framework agreement on SAFTA to reduce customs duty of all traded goods to zero by the year 2016.

25. The South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) • The objective of the agreement is to promote competition in the area and to provide equitable benefits to the countries involved. • It aims to benefit the people of the country by bringing transparency and integrity among the nations. SAFTA was also formed in order to increase the level of trade and economic cooperation among the SAARC nations by reducing the tariff and barriers and also to provide special preference to the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) among the SAARC nations.