The Fall of Détente,

1. The end of 1970s The Fall of Détente,

2. Remind: detente since the end of 1960 1) the warming in Europe — Brandt's politics 2) the coming of America to both USSR and China — Kissinger's politics 3) human rights in exchange of the recognition of borders However, some events undermined it

3. The reasons of falling • The team of new president Jimmy Carter, (1977-1980): a conflict between doves and hawks • Zbigniew Brzezinski – national security adviser: hard line with the Soviets, containment, expansion • Cyrus Vance – Secretary of States: integration of Soviet Union, diplomatic talks, mutual understanding • 2 Carters: from integration to the containment again

4. The reasons of falling 2) Carter’s promotion of human rights around the world and Brezhnev’s denial of it. • Carter did not want to incite tension with the Soviet Union but wanted to make the Soviets to follow Helsinki Accords • Soviet leaders regarded his human rights campaign as threatening to their hold on Eastern Europe (I remind you document 7)

5. Document 7 Only in 1977: Human rights concept is an interference in domestic affairs of the USSR and is to support dissidents

6. The reasons of falling 3) Middle East problems: Palestinian one: Carter recognized Palestinian problem and wanted to build multitracks taliks with Soviet participation, but: • Israel – Begin and Likkud Party were against to talk with Palestinians + • separated peace with Egypt (a return of Sinai to Egypt) >> • Multilateral diplomacy was killed in 1978 >> return to Kissinger – a building of pro-Western states (Egypt, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Iran) in this region through aid and selling of arms

7. The reasons of falling 4) Middle East problems: Iranian one: • Shah Pahlevi: oppression of opposition, denial of reforms, too close ties with Americans >> • Revolution of Khomeini, 1979 • Carter’s denial to talk with new Republic >> • Loss of Iran, region, and a fear that the Soviets will fill this vacuum

8. Document 8 • How did the Soviets evaluated the status of American-Soviet relations at the end 1970s? • The US created tensions with the USSR due to Africa crises • Carter chose the “harsh” course • Selective half-hearted concept of détente (to discuss with the USA special questions) • Soviet tasks: to press the US as to Chinese rapprochement

9. The reasons of falling • 5) Soviet invasion in Afghanistan (1979-1989): • New: a mistake of American estimation of this conflict. Should be evaluated in regional terms, not in global ones. • The Soviets contributed to Islamic resistance movement, the Mujahedeen • The Americans contributed to militarization of Pakistan and India • Result: an American revival of a hard line (Carter doctrine about the defense of Persian Gulf), boycott of Moscow Olympic games, and the end of SALT II and

10. Babrak Karmal the Chairman of revolutionary council Died in Moscow in 1996 Document 9 • What were the reasons for the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979? • April socialist revolution in Afghanistan, 1978 • Taraki, Amin, Karmal • The killing of Taraki, Amin • December 1979

11. December 1979: Amin's Palace

12. Document 10 What were the main policy lines that Brzezinski recommended Carter to adopt regarding Afghanistan? Pakistan and rebels

13. Home fronts Selling image Cold War culture

14. Frames of the theme • Social-cultural dimension of the Cold War: • A term to embrace the mass experience of cold-war political events. • A social history in its broad sense of ‘ordinary’ and ‘everyday’, but in extraordinary circumstances. • Problems: • Did the Cold War high politics make impact on arts, movies, pop culture, everyday life, etc. of people who lived during the period of the Cold War, 1940es -1990? Did the superpowers exploited the cultural artifacts as a propaganda? or culture only reflected the reality of the Cold War?

15. 2 dimensions of Cold War Culture (American-West and Soviet-socialist) 1) Home fronts: how did the Cold War influence a domestic life? 2) Selling a brand (image) aboard: How did both superpowers sell their images, ideologies to foreign public and each other?

16. at home: inside the U.S/West and USSR: social dimension • Purge: both in the United States and Soviet Union: pursue of dissidents until 1960s • Campaigns against those who appraised West culture in the Soviet Union (in Russian: “against cosmopolitism) – “Kosmopolit”, since 1950s until the end of 1980s = traditional Russian xenophobia VS. America-and-West-admirers 2) Campaign against communists (Senator McCarthy), since the end 1940 until the mid-1950s >> American variant of xenophobia during the Cold War – to infect America with leftist and communist ideas

17. at home: inside the U.S/West and USSR: social dimension 2) dissidents in all the countries whose words were differentiated from an official discourse: 1) In Soviet Union: • The Thaw since 1956: phenomenon of physicist-lyric poet – a dissent voice among technocrats (scholars, and engineers) like A. Sakharov = R. Havemann in the GDR. • The defection to the West of a number of leading Soviet artists However, a support of the communist regime in 1960-1970s became more wide: a standard of life became higher and the absent of repression

18. at home: inside the U.S/West and USSR: social dimension 2) Eastern Europe: from open riots to silent opposition • Germany, 1953 • Riots in Poland, 1956 • Hungary, 1958 • Czechoslovakia, 1968 >> • Silent nonviolent dissidents were strong in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland • Church (Catholic and Lutheran) was shelter for dissidents in GDR, and Poland • End of 1970s – Jimmy Carter idea to promote human rights became the main idea of dissidents

19. at home: inside the U.S/West and USSR: social dimension 3) In United States: -1960s-1970s generation of baby-boomers – 20% of population of 24 years. -Hippy and counterculture movement (rock groups) against War (pacifism) -strong revisionism in arts and social studies (critical theory to interpret history and politics) 3) In Western Europe: -radical students in the FU, leftists, post-modernism, the battles between left- and right-wing intellectuals: Picasso and Congress of for Cultural Freedom: Main ideas – rejection of dominant values of American society, idea of American imperialism = the Soviet policy

20. at home: inside the U.S/West and USSR: cultural dimensions 3) Making divergent official cultural and political discourses in historical memory: different story of the Second world war (two victors) in both the U.S. and the USSR= Ukaraine's events today 4) Official games with public fear of future nuclear war: through anti-war demonstrations, documentary films and movies about a future nuclear war, 5) But: 1970s “We [USSR] turned out to be in position of defender in the face of American cultural offensive:” inserting some American ideas in society, movies, culture >>globalization, Americanization or copying to smooth people)

21. Байкал (Baikal)/ Pepsi

22. Пугачева (Pugacheva)/Monro

23. Grenki (fried bread)/toast

24. Idea of “American dream” in Hollywood and of “Soviet dream” in Mosfilm 1) a “Soviet dream” as an answer to Hollywood films Moscow does not believe in tears, Oscar, 1979 2) An American tradition to watch a movie on the eve of Christmas: It is a Wonderful Life, 1946 Enjoy your Bath (С легким паром), 1975

26. at home: inside the U.S/West and USSR: cultural dimensions 6) Patriotism as a theme in arts was the main tool for a counter-offensive. Flight 222 (movie, 1985) -we love USSR -we do not leave it The friendship of people First Blood (1982) -we love a strong America -we do not let to humiliate it

27. II) Selling its image to foreign publicHow both the U.S. and the Soviet Union tried to sell their ideologies • Main motive: to win an allegiance of people around the world (the war for hearts and minds) • Means: • Propaganda (radio) • Training of definite social and professional groups • Cultural presentations

28. Central Committee of Communist Party (Propaganda Division) State Committee of Foreign Relations at MFA SU Committees of Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries (SSOD) Radio of Moscow How both the U.S. and the Soviet Union tried to sell their ideologies • United States Information Agency • Agency of Intentional Development • Voice of America DOS+NSC More people were mobilized through private initiative than in the USSR

29. Voice of America The Soviet Union was targeted since 1947, from Austria Soviet jamming News and Music Strong and free critics of American government and life Encourage people for internal change through programs about “democratic legacy” or national history of a country. Forbidden literature Radio propaganda • Radio Moscow: The U.S. was first targeted since early 1950s, from Moscow Since 1970s – from Cuba and Vladivostok • News and answer on American propaganda • Russian Classics Radio Moscow World Service >> Voice of Russia NEW: the VOA turned out to be more respected that the Radio Moscow

30. American-Soviet cultural exchanges Since 1958 • first contacts – people-to-people • Exchanges in information (America, USSR) • American Exhibition Moscow and Leningrad, 1959 • 20 citizens per year + many students

31. American Exhibitions to the USSR -no war teachnologies, -lux cars -retail goods -an idea about individual freedom

32. What is meant by the American dream?That all men shall be free to seek a better life,with free worship, thought, assembly, expressionof belief and universal suffrage and education.

33. Nixon-Khrushchev kitchen debates, 1959

34. Influence through printed mass media: two journals

35. Another journals: Sputnik/Диалог

36. USA Primary topics: Government People Consumerism (retail goods) The printed media • USSR Primary topics: Science, Space Russian literature Belated Counter-attacks on American pop-culture in the early 1980s Consumerism undermined Soviet life and communism regime

37. USSR: lower social groups were trained to reproduce new elite loyal to the SU 250,000-270,000 were trained 100 former grantees became members of ruling elite Training of foreign citizenTwo divergent approaches to reproduce allegiance: • USA: an existedprofessional elite was the main target • 600,000-700,000 were trained • 900 former grantees became members of ruling elite (presidents, leaders of parties) • Main success: Alexander Yakovlev, an adviser of M. Gorbachev

38. Conclusion • Dissidents and consumption society of the West have undermined the political regime of the Soviets.

39. Methodological problems in studies of cultural cold war and proposed theoretical frames • Problems in methods: • what kinds of methods are more appropriate to estimate the audience response to domestic and foreign influence? • How to evaluate an efficiency of both American and Soviet cultural influence? • Multiple meanings of cultural phenomena.

40. Proposed theoretical frames for cultural cold war • American and Soviet cultural imperialism (pressure and deep implantation of values in all the clusters of life) • Americanization and Sovietization (partial influence –politics, technologies, language) • Cultural Transfer (mutual exchange and globalization without borders and Walls) • Response theory (resistance of local culture to coming values)

41. the END of the Cold War1980s

42. Determinants of the endWestern point of view • The increase in international trade, the rise of East Asia + • The decline in prices for raw materials >> • All stimulated the economies of the capitalist countries while impeding those of the Eastern European Bloc and its Third World allies; • Changes in technology, such as communications and computers, almost all of which were developed in the West and hardly developed in the Soviet Union;

43. The Soviet economy seemed unable to keep up with the West and It became very expensive for the Soviet budget to keep the war in Afghanistan and to “feed” the Soviet allies in developing countries; • The Gorbachev domestic policy: to reform the Soviet system with assistance of West credit and decreasing of military complex; • the Reagan Administration • to answer on the world challenges and thus to make US much more stronger in the world because of Japanese economical strength + Islamic revolution in Iran; • abolish the communism with the Soviet empirethrough economical pressure, support of dissidents: • Richard Pipes, NSC papers of 1981-82

44. the advent of new actor in international relations (Islam that included the critics either the USA and USSR began offensive to the West); • The movement “Solidarity” in Poland became the first strong attack on the Soviet Russia and demonstrated for Reagan that the Soviet leadership will not attack Poland>> • Economic sanctions against Poland (Soviet Union) • Pressure on Moscow: “Poland is our pain and we do not let to crush the democratic movement” • The support of dissidents openly through Catholic church and special philanthropic foundation (National Endowment for Democracy) • Project Democracy, 1982: to establish and help democrats in Eastern Europe openly >> • Open crusade against the Soviet Union: to build the free press, political parties and so on openly >>

45. Determinants of the endRussian point of view • A Soviet overstrain in arms race • A weakness of communist economy against free enterprise • Reagan’s Stars Wars (Strategic Defense Initiative) • A sudden weakness of Moscow in the Context of Gorbachev reforms • An Intrinsic weakness of the Soviet society, but not a containment strategy • Gorbachev changed the world alone: he rejected the idea to support pro-communists regimes around the world

46. Concepts about how the Cold War was ended 1) triumphalism concept – victory over communism belongs to the USA or certain politicians alone (as Reagan or Gorbachev) – Gaddis L.

47. Concepts about how the Cold War was ended • 2) balanced approach – both sides contributed (Leffler M., Jack Matlock) • Reagan by pressure and talks • Gorbachev by reforms

48. A final exam20 of May Tuesday, 20 of May, 6 pm — Room 107?