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Learn about conditional and logical operators, if statements, select case, loops, and operators to manipulate data. Understand precedence, default flow, and usage of different operators in programming. Master control flow in your programs efficiently.
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Topics • Conditional Operators • Logical Operators • If • Select Case • Loops
Operators Operators manipulate data by combining or computing results.
Math and String Operators • Precedence • Default – Left to Right • ( ) • ^ • * / • MOD • \ • + - • &
6 Conditional Operators • = Equal to • <> Not equal (less than or greater than) • < Less than • > Greater than • >= Greater than or equal to • <= Less than or equal to • Like • Is
You can compare strings • “S” < “s” • “Kev” < “Kevin” • IMPORTANT: The computer ultimately gives comparisons a TRUE or FALSE answer. • Console.write (1<2) • Console.write (1=2)
Like Operator • Used for seeing if strings are similar • Uses Wildcards:* ? # [characters] [!not these characters] • Console.WriteLine (“Kevin” like “Ke*”) • Console.WriteLine (“Beet” like “B??t”) • Console.WriteLine (“Employee 7” like “Employee #”)
Not If Not((varA = varB) And (varC < varD)) then …Statements End if NEGATES a condition Use Sparingly!
And If (varA = varB) And (varC < varD) then …Statements End if If True and True then Condition 1 AND Condition 2
Or If (varA = varB) Or (varC < varD) then …Statements End if If True Or True then Condition 1 AND Condition 2
Xor If (varA = varB) Xor (varC < varD) then …Statements End if If True Xor True then Condition 1 AND Condition 2
Such a simple device… Computers only know: • 1 or 0 • ON or OFF • Yes or No • True or False • We combine these choices to set the course of our computer program.
If then • If (condition is true) then do thisEnd if • IF (condition is true) then do this
If then Else If (condition is true) then do this Else do something else End If
If then ElseIf If (condition is true) then do this ElseIf (condition is true) then do something else Else do yet something else End If
Select Case • Simpler, more logical than using several elses Select Case varAge Case Is <5 statements Case 5 statements Case 6 to 11 statements Case 12 to 13, 23 to 46, Is 65 statements Case Else statements End Select
For Next Loop • Used for counting through a certain number of iterations (geek-speak for times). For Counter As Integer = 1 to 10 ‘statements Next You can dimension variables in the loop, as above.
Nesting Loops For outerCounter = 1 to 10 statements For innerCounter = 1 to 10 statements Next innerCounter statements Next outerCounter
Step value For counter = 0 to 10 step 2 ‘statements Next Counter steps = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
Step Values: negative For counter = 10 to 0 Step -1 ‘statements Next
Do Loops • Execute WHILE a condition is true, or UNTIL it is true Do While strAnswer=“yes” statements Loop
Do Loops • Do • While • Loop • condition • Do • Until • Loop • condition
Do While conditionstatements Loop Do statements Loop While condition Do Loops Do Until conditionstatements Loop Do statements Loop Until condition
An early exit… • Exit Sub • Exit Function • Exit For • Exit Do • End (ends program) • Use sparingly - It is most clear to have one exit for a program segment