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1198 Innocent III (p. 1198-1216) calls for new Crusade Fourth Crusade

1198 Innocent III (p. 1198-1216) calls for new Crusade Fourth Crusade 1202 Crusaders gather at Venice 1204 Crusaders take Constantinople, set up Latin Empire there (until 1261). Map Link: Fourth Crusade: < http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-H1RtD269aNQ/TiNDMh-mZSI/

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1198 Innocent III (p. 1198-1216) calls for new Crusade Fourth Crusade

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  1. 1198 Innocent III (p. 1198-1216) calls for new Crusade Fourth Crusade 1202 Crusaders gather at Venice 1204 Crusaders take Constantinople, set up Latin Empire there (until 1261)

  2. Map Link: Fourth Crusade: <http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-H1RtD269aNQ/TiNDMh-mZSI/ AAAAAAAAAB0/tilkVb3Bvn8/s1600/Map+of+the+ fourth+crusade.gif>

  3. 1218 Forces of Fifth Crusade attack Egypt, take Damietta (in 1219) 1221 Muslims defeat Crusaders Al-Kamil (r. 1218-38)

  4. Map Link: Fifth Crusade: <http://domin.dom.edu/faculty/dperry/hist267crusade/calendar/ 13thcentury/images/nile.jpg>

  5. 1215 Frederick II (Holy Roman Emperor, 1215-50), takes crusading vow, but delays and is excommunicated 1226 Al-Kamil contacts Frederick 1228 Frederick arrives in Holy Land

  6. Feb 1229 Frederick II negotiates the handover of Jerusalem with al-Kamil Dome of the Rock Aqsa Mosque 17/3/1229 Frederick II crowns self king in Jerusalem 1244 Turks take Jerusalem

  7. Map Link: Frederick II’s Crusade (shaded areas): <http://www.studenthandouts.com/photo_gallery/ Maps/MiddleAges-2.jpg>

  8. June 1249Louis IX of France (r. 1226-70) takes Damietta. Al-Salih (r. 1240-9) dies, but wife Shajar al-Durr conceals his death Feb 1250 Muslims defeat Crusaders, capture Louis IX and temporarily hold him prisoner May 1250 Mamluk takeover in Egypt (rule until 1517) 1260 Mamluks complete conquest of Syria

  9. Map Links: Louis IX in Egypt: <http://domin.dom.edu/faculty/dperry/hist267crusade/calendar/ 13thcentury/louis/images/map-louis.jpg> The Mamluk Takeover: <https://cmes.uchicago.edu/sites/cmes.uchicago.edu/files/ uploads/Maps/Map%20-%20Mamluks%20sieze%20 power%20-%20base.pdf>

  10. 1268 Mamluks take Antioch 1289 Mamluks take Tripoli 1291 Mamluks take Acre

  11. Map Link: Mamluk Sultanate (after Conquests): <http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_NfsdvUxYGkI/SlYDtsdM_FI/ AAAAAAAANgE/A4kTQM7MgAg/s400/Mamluks.JPG>

  12. Criticism of crusading: Innocent III directing Crusades against pagans, heretics (incl. Albigensians, 1209-29), but also political opponents Alternatives: Children’s Crusade (1212), Shepherds’Crusade (1251) Blame of military orders Objections to taxation (e.g. Saladin Tithe)

  13. Attempts at conversion; e.g. 1219 St Francis of Assisi (1182-1226) preaches to al-Kamil

  14. Impact of the Crusades: On bureaucracies On women On Jews On trade and exploration On the Muslim world

  15. St John Ambulance Foundation Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem Knights Hospitaller 22nd July 2011 Anders Behring Breivik kills 77 people in Norway in name of “Knights Templar Europe”

  16. George W. Bush: “This crusade, this war on terrorism is going to take a while.” (16th Sept 2001) 19th c. First histories of Crusades in Middle East Usama ibn Ladin (Osama bin Laden, d. 2011)

  17. 800 Coronation of Charlemagne (r. 768-814) as Roman Emperor. Byzantines forfeiting right to title of Roman emperor because… In 800, woman on Byzantine throne Civil wars and usurpations Impiety/non-Catholicity of Byzantine Emperors Constantinople

  18. 12th c. General acceptance of need for emperor to be crowned by pope, and that German king had right to position of Holy Roman Emperor Elective principle within group of royal families “Electoral College”: Archbishops of Cologne, Mainz, Trier; King of Bohemia; Count Palatine of Rhine; Duke of Saxony; Margrave of Brandenburg

  19. Coronation by pope: Could be refused, or pope could depose emperor Innocent III: claim of papal right to settle disputed elections and rule empire if throne vacant Divine right of kings

  20. Constraints on royal power: 1. Question of succession: influence of nobility 2. Constraints of the church 3. Influence of divine law: Lk 22: 38: “two swords” 4. Influence of the law: natural, customary and canon law

  21. Church as alternative model: 1. Blend of monarchy/elective system 2. Widespread use of elective principle 3. Paper-based bureaucracy

  22. 11th c. Towns seeking greater independence Increased self-rule, freedom from servile obligations Paying rent rather than service Security from seizure of property 12th c. Growth of communes, leagues, guilds: electing officials, conducting own legal affairs

  23. 1140s Attempt to revive Roman Republic in Rome 1155 Collapse of revolt in Rome Spread of city-states Increasing influence of administrative and military institutions in running states Decreased role of women

  24. Robert of Clari (c. 1180-after 1216) Poor knight on Fourth Crusade - eyewitness Aims to instruct Generally regarded as critical of leaders of the Crusade

  25. Nicetas Choniates (btw. 1155 and 1160-c. 1217) Byzantine statesman and historian Studied in Constantinople. Reached high rank in state administration Emigrated to Nicea after Fourth Crusade

  26. Nicetas Choniates (btw. 1155 and 1160-c. 1217) Chronike Diegesis (chronicle covering 1118-1207) Eyewitness account, but with strong bias (of course)

  27. Guibert of Nogent (1055-c. 1125) Noble origins, trained as monk from adolescence 1104 Becomes abbot of Nogent-sous-Coucy Dei Gesta per Francos Autobiography

  28. Huguccio and Alanus Huguccio of Pisa (d. 1210): Studied and taught canon law at Bologna. Became abbot of Ferrara in 1190 Alanus: Englishman. Taught law at Bologna in early 13th c. Both commenting on the Decretum of Gratian (d. before 1159)

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