The Reshaping of Medieval Europe

1. The Reshaping of Medieval Europe Chapter 10

2. Section 1 Revival of Trade

3. Towns diminished, but self sufficient manors were built • Used the barter system

4. List the middlemen of trade between Europe and the Orient, the major trade routes between the Mediterranean and the Orient, and the region that served as the market place for Northern Europe.

6. Explain the role that markets and trade fairs played in medieval trade

7. Explain why trades switched from barter to money

8. Explain why Money Changers became Important and What Services they Provided.

9. Describe the Roman Catholic Church’s rules concerning business and how the Revival of Trade called into Question the Prohibition of Usury.

10. Section 2 Growth of Towns

11. Explain how towns grew during the Middle Ages

12. Describe how the towns achieved their freedoms

13. Describe those freedoms

14. Merchants and Craftsmen Establish Guilds • 1.) List functions that guilds served • 2.) List and identify the two major types of guilds and identify their activities • 3.) Identify each class of guild membership and explain how a member moved up these ranks • 4.) Describe the Hanseatic League

15. Black DEath • What percentage of Europeans dies in the Black Death? • How did the plague start in Europe?

16. New Social Classes Emerge

17. Describe the Middle Class that Arose During the 11th and 12th centuries

18. Explain why the middle class might prefer the rule by a King to rule by nobles and how they could help transfer power from nobility to a king

19. Town LifE

20. Describe medieval town life

21. Section 3 Medieval Learning and Art

23. Explain how learning had been kept alive during “the dark ages” • Ignorance and suspicion • Church involvement • Tried to maintain knowledge, but not learn anything new

24. List and describe the factors that brought a revival of learning in Europe • Trivium: grammar (Latin), rhetoric (effective speaking), and logic • Quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music • Brought by 3 factors: • 1.) Political and economic conditions…. • 2.) Europe’s contact with Byzantine and Arab civilizations… • 3.) Towns and government changing…

25. Explain how universities came into being • Replaced Monastery and cathedral schools • Cared about who the teacher was • Scholars formed guilds • “Universitas” • First two were at Bologna and Paris

27. Describe the Goal of Scholasticism (first paragraph) and the problems with this approach, and how it would lead to the Reformation

28. Renewed interest in theology and philosophy • Relied on faith and reason…harmonizing teachings of church (faith) and Greek philosophers (reason) • Wanted to find ways to support the church’s teachings, not seek new truth • They ended up finding many contradictions in the church’s teachings….not from Scripture but from decrees of the Pope

29. Contrast and Critique the approaches that Anselm, Abelard, and Aquinas took

30. Anselm: Archbishop of Canterbury • Position: “I believe so that I may understand.” • Faith is essential to proper understanding. • Nevertheless, he did not reject reason. He is best remembered for his use of logical arguments to support two major doctrine of the Christian faith • 1: The existence of God • 2: the concept of atonement • Agreement: Without faith, we cannot know anything. Faith in God of Christianity makes sense of reality • Criticism: None

32. Abelard: • Position: Asked critical questions…for wisdom. “By doubting, we arrive at inquiry, and through inquiry we perceive the truth.”….wanted students to seek truth through critical reasoning. • Agreement: Questioning can make our thoughts more accurate • Criticism: If we question everything, we cannot know anything

34. Aquinas: “prince of the Schoolmen” • Position: Certain truths can be perceived by reason and others by faith alone. However, both faith and reason are gifts of God so there is no contradiction between them. In his Summa Theologica, he attempted to harmonize the teachings of the church with the logic and philosophy of Aristotle • Agreement: It is true faith and reason are both gifts of God and they do not contradict.

35. Criticism: • 1: There is a danger with trying to harmonize scripture with reason …..do you put reason above Scripture? • Some critics claim that Aquinas did not realize that man’s reason is also fallen. We have sinful hearts • Overestimating the power of reason underestimates the complexity of reality.

37. Describe the obstacles preventing scientific progress in the middle ages

38. 1.) Science was a secondary source of knowledge, which at best could only confirm truths that theology and philosophy had already established. • 2.) Magic and superstition clouded medieval science • 3.) What little scientific knowledge that did exist had been handed down from ancient sources. People did not question, thus misconceptions and falsehoods continued.

39. List the Two ways in which progress was being made in science • 1.) knowledge increased as Greek and Muslim works began to circulate • 2.) Thinkers began to critically reexamine inherited scientific ideas.

40. Know that Latin was the language of the learned, but that the vernacular was the language of the commoners and varied from region to region.

41. Identify epics, troubadours, Dante, Chaucer, etc. • Epics – long narrative poems that celebrated the adventures of legendary heroes • Beowulf, Song of Roland, etc. • Troubadours – wandering minstrels singing songs of love, adventures, stories, etc. • Dante (12-65-1321) wrote Divine Comedy and Dante’s Inferno • Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) – Wrote the Canterbury Tales

44. Explain that art and architecture of the middle ages was primarily religious and often used to teach the illiterate

45. Timeline • Roman Basilica • Early Church Architects Copy Basilica • Romanesque builders modify basilica in the shape of a Latin cross • Flying Buttresses • Gothic Cathedrals