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References

References. 1-Gray’s anatomy 2-Human nervous system Noback 3- Basic clinical neuroanatomy Young 4- Head and neck anatomy Berkovitz 5- clinical neuroanatomy Snell. Anatomical division of nervous system. 1- CNS brain and spinal cord 2- PNS peripheral nerves

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  1. References • 1-Gray’s anatomy • 2-Human nervous system Noback • 3-Basic clinical neuroanatomy Young • 4- Head and neck anatomy Berkovitz • 5- clinical neuroanatomy Snell

  2. Anatomical division of nervous system • 1- CNS brain and spinal cord • 2- PNS peripheral nerves ganglions receptors

  3. Cells in this system • 1- neuron • 2-neuroglia • A- Central neuroglia • Macroglia (astrocyte,oligodendrocyte) • Microglia • Ependymal cells • B- Peripheral neuroglia • Schwann cells • Satellite cells

  4. Specialist cell • 1- produce action potential • 2- convey

  5. central neuroglia • Macroglia (astrocyte,oligodendrocyte) • Microglia • Ependymal cells

  6. Peripheral neuroglia • 1- schwann cell • 2- satellite cell

  7. Function of this system

  8. Embryology of the nervous system

  9. Neural Tube Histogenesis

  10. What is the identity of these two cells?

  11. Three points about division of neural tube cells 1- Synchronise formation of neuronal and glial cells. 2- Continuous of glial division after stopping of neuronal cell division. 3- Early formation of large neuron in comparison with small neuron.

  12. Formation of three layers in the thickness of NEURAL TUBE لایه حاشیه ایی لایه اپاندیمی لایه پوشاننده

  13. Neuronal cell migration • 1- Gene activation • 2- Epigenetic signals (mechanical or contact guidance)

  14. Neuronal cell aggregation Morphological appearance • NCAMs (nerve cell adhesion molecules) • N cadherin

  15. Neuroblast differentiation • Apolar neuroblast • Bipolar neuroblast • Unipolar neuroblast • Multipolar neuroblast

  16. Neuroblast differentiation Neurotrophic Factors • 1- NGFs ( Nerve Growth Factors) • 2- Outgrowth Promoting proteins ( Laminin, Netrin, Fibronectin) 3-NCAMs

  17. Cell Programmed Death • Apoptosis • 30 to 60 percent of cells survive

  18. Effects of Experience and Activation on neurons • Structural Plasticity • Axonal sprouting • Changes in the number of Dendritic Spines • Amblyopia Disease

  19. Reveiw

  20. Formation of brain and spinal cord • 1- Primary vesicles • 2- Flexures

  21. Midbrain or

  22. Formation of brain and spinal cord • 1- secondary vesicles

  23. Ventricular spaces and central canal • 1-Telencephalon------ lateral ventricals1&2 • 2-Diencephalon-------third ventricle • 3-Mesencephalon----cerebral aqueduct • 4- Rhombencephalon--- forth ventricle • 5-Spinal cord----- central canal • 6- in the end of spinal cord----- terminal ventricle • Monro Foramen(interventricular F)

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