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An Overview of Green Technology

This overview discusses global warming, mandatory CO2 reduction, hydrogen economy, and various issues related to green technology. Topics covered include renewable energies and CO2 capture and storage.

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An Overview of Green Technology

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  1. An Overview of Green Technology Jihwa Lee Department of Chemical & Biological Technology Seoul National University WCU Seminar2010. 5. 3

  2. Outline of the Talk • Global Warming & Climate Change • Mandotory CO2 Reduction • Hydrogen Economy • Green Technology Issues • 1) Renewable Energies • 2) CO2 Capture & Storage • Summary

  3. Global Warming • The Global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C inthe 20th century. • Climate model projections indicate that it is likely to rise a further 1.1~ 6.4 °C • during the 21st century.

  4. Global Warming • Cause • Increasing concentrations of • greenhouse gases ( resulting from • human activity such as fossil fuel burning • and deforestation.

  5. Greenhouse gases (GHG) • CO2 concentration in the atmosphere • has remained at ~280 ppm. • It increases rapidly to reach 383 ppm • at 2007. • The IPCC gives future CO2 scenarios, • ranging from 541 to 970 ppm by the • year 2100 (an increase by 90-250% • since 1750).

  6. Climate Change

  7. Climate Change • An increase in global temperature will cause • Sea levels to rise • Change in the amount and pattern of precipitation • Expansion of subtropical deserts • Retreat of glaciers, permafrost • (permanently frozen land as in Siberia), and sea ice • Extreme weather events • Species extinctions • Changes in agricultural yields • Rife malarias

  8. International measures Tokyo protocol • Adopted (1997) and entered into force (2005) • As of Nov. 2009, 187 states (except US) • have signed and ratified the protocol. • Mandatory CO2 reduction: 5.2% reduction • in emission from that in 1990 • TargetGHG: CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC, HFC, SF6 • The details have to be negotiated • Carbon emission trading • A new business paradigm Carbon emission trading • A government sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that can be emitted • Companies are issued emission permits(credit): the right to emit • The total amount of allowances and credits cannot exceed the cap. • Companies that need to increase their emission allowance must buy credits from • those who pollute less.

  9. Green Technology • Energy consumption = CO2 emission • Any technology which directly or indirectly helps reduce the emission • of GHG (CO2), whichtypically includes • Renewable energy technology • CO2 capture & storage • Energy efficiency: new illumination technology(LED), smart grid • system, building insulation, room heating etc. • Energy conservation • Environmental technology • Most GT’s are costly! • In many areas GT is not commercially available! • Extensive R&D is needed!

  10. Renewable Energy Technology 1. Solar cell 1). Si SC 2). Inorganic thin film (CIGS) 3). Polymer SC 4). DSSC 2. Fuel Cell 1). PEMFC 2). DMFC 3). SOFC 3. Battery 1) Li secondary battery : HEV, PHEV, EV 2) Battery for energy storage 3) Supercapacito 4. Hydrogen energy 1) H2 production: a) Electrolysis, photo-splitting of H2O, b) H2 production: Reforming c) H2 production: Nuclear power-based 2) H2 storage a) Metal hydride b) Adsorption- based 5. Bioenergy 1) Cellulose-based 2) Algae-based 3) Biorefinery

  11. CCS technology 1. CO2 Capture 1). Pre-combustion capture 2). Post-combustion capture a) Absorption, adsorption-based b) Polymer membrane-based 3) Oxy-fuel combustion 2. CO2 Storage 1) Underground sequestration 2) Sea underground sequestration 3. CO2 utilization 1) Chemical conversion 2) Photo-biological fixation 4. Green house gas monitoring technology

  12. Renewable Energy Tidal power plant

  13. II. 태양전지 원리

  14. Examples of SC Panel Arrays

  15. Large PV Sites in Korea Tae-Ahn, 14 MW Completed 2008. 5 LG Solar Energy ShinAhn, 24 MW 2008. 11 completed DongYang Const./Suntechnics 16/40 3/8

  16. Annual Production Unit: MW Annual Growth Rate > 40% Production (MW) Year Photon International, March 2008

  17. Production Outlook 2012 • Market Size in year 2010 • - 6 GWp, $36 billion (CLSA, 2005. 7) 10 GWp (2006. 4)  15 GWp (2007. 4) •  23.3 GWp (2007. 12) Annual Growth Rate > 40% Production (GW) Photon Consulting, Spring 2008 Year Photon International, March 2008

  18. Next Generation Solar Cell • Thin Film Solar Cell • Polymer Solar Cell • Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)

  19. Current Issues of Solar Cell Technology • Si SC is widely used but it is too expensive: ~ x10 • of the cost of thermoelectric power generation • Development of low cost SC is a must for wide • practical application. • Thin film SC: a-Si, CdTe, CIGS SC (Short-term) • DSSC (Intermediate-term) • Organic SC (Long-term)

  20. Mid-term hydrogen economy http://www.investindk.com/db/filarkiv/631/Brint_aug2005.pdf

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