Lesson Objectives: Section 2 - The Triumphs of a Crusade

1. Standard Addressed: 11.10 Students analyze the development of federal civil rights and voting rights. Lesson Objectives: Section 2 - The Triumphs of a Crusade • Identify the goal of the freedom riders. • Explain how civil rights activism forced President Kennedy to act against segregation. • State the motives of the 1963 March on Washington. • Describe the tactics tried by civil rights organizations to secure passage of the Voting Rights Act.

2. A BULLDOG ALWAYS Commitment Attitude CARES Respect Encouragement Safety

3. Section 2 The Triumphs of a Crusade Civil rights activists break through racial barriers. Their activism prompts landmark legislation. NEXT

4. JIM CROW “Injustice anywhere is an injustice everywhere” MLK

5. SECTION 2 The Triumphs of a Crusade Riding for Freedom CORE’s Freedom Rides • 1961, CORE tests Court decision banning interstate bus segregation • Freedom riders—blacks, whites sit, use station facilities together • Riders brutally beaten by Alabama mobs; one bus firebombed Continued . . . NEXT

7. SECTION 2 The Triumphs of a Crusade Riding for Freedom • New Volunteers • Bus companies refuse to continue carrying CORE freedom riders • SNCC volunteers replace CORE riders; are violently stopped • Robert Kennedy pressures bus company to continue transporting riders Continued . . . NEXT

9. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS • A – What did freedom riders hope to achieve? • They hoped to call attention to the South’s refusal to abandon segregation so as to pressure the federal govt to enforce the Supreme Court’s desegregation rulings.

10. Alabama mob attacks freedom riders.

11. Freedom Riders James Zwerg and James Peck’s were attacked by an Alabama mob, because they were freedom riders.

12. Guided Reading

13. SECTION 2 continuedRiding for Freedom • Arrival of Federal Marshals • Alabama officials don’t give promised protection; mob attacks riders • Newspapers throughout nation denounce beatings • JFK sends 400 U.S. marshals to protect riders • Attorney general, Interstate Commerce Commission act: • - ban segregation in all interstate travel facilities NEXT

15. Guided Reading

16. For their own protection Unlike Alabama during the first Freedom Rides, Mississippi adopted a policy of preventing attacks on the riders but arresting them.

17. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS • B – What events led to desegregation in Birmingham? • Days of demonstrations; • Arrest of King and others; King’s “letter from Birmingham Jail”; • More demonstration met by arrests and police violence; • Economic boycott

18. SECTION 2 Standing Firm • Integrating Ole Miss • 1962, federal court rules James Meredith may enroll at U of MS • Governor Ross Barnett refuses to let Meredith register • JFK orders federal marshals to escort Meredith to registrar’s office • Barnett makes radio appeal; thousands of white demonstrators riot • Federal officials accompany Meredith to classes, protect his parents Continued . . . NEXT

19. Meredith, center with briefcase, is escorted to the University of Mississippi campus by U.S. marshals on Oct. 1, 1962. (AP)

20. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS • C – Why did civil rights organizers ask their supporters to march on Washington? • To spur passage of the civil rights bill

23. SECTION 2 continuedStanding Firm • Heading into Birmingham • April 1963, SCLC demonstrate to desegregate Birmingham • King arrested, writes “Letter from Birmingham Jail” • TV news show police attacking child marchers—fire hoses, dogs, clubs • Continued protests, economic boycott, bad press end segregation NEXT

24. SECTION 2 continuedStanding Firm • Kennedy Takes a Stand • June, JFK sends troops to force Gov. Wallace to desegregate U of AL Vivian Malone Jones, First Black Graduate of University of Alabama NEXT

25. Integrating Alabama

26. SECTION 2 continuedStanding Firm • Kennedy Takes a Stand • NAACP’s Medgar Evers murdered; hung juries lead to killer’s release Medgar Wiley Evers was an African-American civil rights activist from Mississippi involved in efforts to overturn segregation at the University of Mississippi NEXT

27. Byron De La Beckwith, Jr. (1920 –2001) was an American white supremacist and Klansman from Greenwood, Mississippi, who in 1994 was convicted of assassinating the civil rights leader Medgar Evers on June 12, 1963. Two previous trials in 1964 on this charge had resulted in hung juries.

28. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS • D – Why did civil rights groups organize Freedom Summer? • They hoped to call attention to the lack of voting rights in segregationists stronghold and to promote passage of a federal voting rights act.

29. SECTION 2 Marching to Washington • The Dream of Equality • August 1963, over 250,000 people converge on Washington • Speakers demand immediate passage of civil rights bill • King gives “I Have a Dream” speech NEXT

31. Guided Reading

33. Guided Reading

34. SECTION 2 • More Violence • September, 4 Birmingham girls killed when bomb thrown into church NEXT

35. SECTION 2 • More Violence • LBJ signs Civil Rights Act of 1964 • - prohibits discrimination because of race, religion, gender NEXT

36. SECTION 2 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (enacted July 2, 1964) is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed: discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public (known as "public accommodations"). NEXT

37. SECTION 2 Fighting for Voting Rights Freedom Summer • Freedom Summer—CORE, SNCC project to register blacks to vote in MS • Volunteers beaten, killed; businesses, homes, churches burned Continued . . . NEXT

38. Freedom Summer Project:Register African-American voters who could elect pro-civil rights legislators

39. Guided Reading

40. SNCC worker Monroe Sharp is arrested by two policemen during a voter registration drive in Greenwood, Miss., on July 16, 1964

41. Guided Reading

42. SECTION 2 • A New Political Party • Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party formed to get seat in MS party • • Fannie Lou Hamer—voice of MFDP at National Convention—wins support • LBJ fears losing Southern white vote, pressures leaders to compromise • MFDP and SNCC supporters feel betrayed Continued . . . NEXT

43. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS • E – Why did young people in SNCC and the MFDP feel betrayed by some civil rights leaders? • Because the leader agreed to a compromise with the Johnson administration that kept most MFDP delegates from the Democratic convention.

44. SECTION 2 continuedFighting for Voting Rights • The Selma Campaign • 1965, voting rights demonstrator killed in Selma, AL • King leads 600 protest marchers; TV shows police violently stop them • Second march, with federal protection, swells to 25,000 people NEXT

45. Guided Reading “Injustice anywhere is an injustice everywhere” MLK

47. Guided Reading

48. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS • F – In what ways was the civil rights campaign in Selma similar to the one in Birmingham? • In both the campaigns, civil rights workers encountered a violent response, • and in both cases, TV coverage of that violence helped force the federal govt to intervene.

49. SECTION 2 continuedFighting for Voting Rights • Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Congress finally passes Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Stops literacy tests, allows federal officials to enroll voters • Increases black voter enrollment NEXT

50. Guided Reading