“Basic Research Needs for Superconductivity” BESAC Meeting August 3, 2006 John Sarrao LANL

1. “Basic Research Needs for Superconductivity” BESAC Meeting August 3, 2006 John Sarrao LANL Wai Kwok Argonne

2. US Energy Consumption (Trillion BTUs) 120,000 100,000 Total Energy Consumption 80000 60000 Electricity Consumption 40000 20000 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Source: EIA World & Domestic Energy Demand is Increasing Rapidly US electric demand will double by 2050 World Energy Demand +73% by 2030 A grand challenge for production, delivery, and use

3. capacity 50% growth by 2030 Urban power bottleneck The electric grid, an essential energy backbone, is under stress Lower Manhattan infrastructure (Courtesy of Con Edison) reliability Blackouts Cascades quality efficiency / environment 7-10% of power is lost in the grid 40 1GW power plants 230 Mmt of CO2

4. Superconductors: Poised for a Major Role in Energy Delivery superconductivity lighting. heating refrigeration hydro wind solar coal gas transportation power grid mechanical motion electricity motors heat industry nuclear fission information technology fuel cells production delivery use Increased capacity Enhanced reliability Smart distribution High power density 1/2 size 1/2 weight 1/2 losses

5. Basic Research Needs for Superconductivity May 8-11, 2006 Workshop Co-chair: John Sarrao, LANL Co-chair: Wai-Kwong Kwok, ANL Panel Chairs: Materials: I. Bozovic (BNL) Phenomena: J.C. Davis (Cornell) L. Civale (LANL) Theory: I. Mazin (NRL) Applications: D. Christen (ORNL) Plenary Speakers: Paul Chu, Alex Malozemoff, George Crabtree, Mike Norman, ZX Shen Workshop Charge “identify basic research needs and opportunities in superconductivity with a focus on new, emerging and scientifically challenging areas that have the potential to have significant impact in science and energy relevant technologies” Pat Dehmer, DOE-Basic Energy Sciences Jim Daley, DOE-Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability ~100 researchers, representing 7 countries, 9 national labs and 28 universities

6. Superconductors can transform the power grid to deliver abundant, reliable, high-quality power for the 21st century current state future needs Performance 10x increase in Jc  10x reduction in ac loss Cost 10-100x improvement needed Materials Increase operating temperature 2x-5x

7. To address these challenges, workshop participants identified 7 Priority Research Directions and 2 CCRDs MATERIALS Directed Search and Discovery of New Superconductors Control Structure and Properties of Superconductors Down to the Atomic Scale Maximize Current-carrying Ability of Superconductors with Scalable Fabrication Techniques Understand and Exploit Competing Electronic Phases MECHANISMS Develop a Comprehensive and Predictive Theory of Superconductivity and Superconductors Identify the Essential Interactions that Give Rise to High Tc Superconductivity Advance the Science of Vortex Matter CROSS-CUTTING New Tools to Integrate Synthesis, Characterization, and Theory Enabling Materials for Superconductor Utilization

8. Materials: From discovery to design Fermi surface of Li at high P Bednorz and Mueller (‘86) Tc ~ 20K Atomic-scale materials by design

9. 20 Hc2 line liquid pancake liquid 15 disordered solid Hucp 10 Magnetic Field (T) Vortex Lattice 5 Hlcp Bose glass 90 50 60 70 80 Temperature (K) Mechanism: Unravel the mysteries of superconductivity Competing interactions and collective phenomena in electronic and vortex matter Mapping the genome of high Tc

10. Complex architecture 2010 DOE goal 1000 77K operation 2 55K-65K operation 2006 DOE goal Theoretical maximum (MA/cm 65K 1 0 ) Critical Current (A/cm-width) 100 c YBCO 2005 status J 1 BSCCO 0 1 2 3 4 5 77K Lab samples 0 . 1 1G 77K 10 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 . 1 1 1 0 Magnetic field, H (Tesla) H ( T ) Cross-cutting: Transform performance High Temperature Superconductors Max Tc 135K Factor of 2 increase in critical current Jc translates directly to a 2x reduction in cost Enables new ancillary devices for electric power stabilization

11. Performance: Beyond cuprates

12. Superconductivity Research Continuum Applied Research Technology Maturation & Deployment Discovery Research Use-inspired Basic Research • Room-temperature superconductor (Grand Challenge) • Superconductors by design (Grand Challenge) • Atomic scale control of materials structure and properties • Tuning competing interactions for new phenomena • Unravel interaction functions generating high temperature superconductivity • Predictive understanding of strongly correlated superconductivity • Microscopic theory of vortex matter dynamics • Nano-meso-scale superconductivity • Technology Milestones: • 2G coated conductor carrying 300 A x 100 m (2006) • In-field performance for 50 K operating temperature • electric power equipment with ½ the energy losses and ½ the size • wire with 100x power capacity of same size copper wires at $10/kiloamp-meter. • Assembly and utilization R&D issues • Materials compatibility & joining issues • 100K isotropic SC (Grand Challenge) • Achieve theoretical limits of critical current (Grand Challenge) • 3-d quantitative determination of defects and interfaces • Intrinsic and intentional inhomogeneity • “Pinscape engineering” and modeling of effective pinning centers • Next Generation SC wires • Cost reduction • Scale-up research • Prototyping • Manufacturing R&D • Deployment support Office of Science BES Technology Offices EDER

13. Discover the mechanisms of high-temperature superconductivity Achieve a paradigm shift from materials by serendipity to materials by design Predict and control the electromagnetic behavior of superconductors from their microscopic vortex and pinning behavior Transform the power grid to deliver abundant, reliable, high-quality power for the 21st century Grand Challenges of Superconductivity

14. Broader Impact – Driving Materials Frontiers 50th Anniversary of BCS Theory (1957) 20th Anniversary of High Tc Cuprates (1986) 5th Anniversary of MgB2 (2001) New fields of complex materials: - Manganites, Cobaltates, . . . interacting spin, charge, orbital, structural degrees of freedom -> emergent behavior - colossal magnetoresistance, nanoscale phases Quantum correlation techniques for other fields of science: Bose-Einstein condensation, superfluids, nuclear matter Complex and collective phenomena: Non-linear systems, domain dynamics

15. Optical ARPES Science 300(2003)1410 Nature 412(2001)510 Transport STM Neutron High Tc Superconductivity The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1987 Nature375(1995)561 Nature 415(2002)412 Nature 406(2000)486 High Magnetic Field High Pressure X-Ray Scattering Nature 424 (2003)912 Science 288(2000)1811 Nature 365(1993)323 Broader Impact – New Tools

16. Summary • Electricity is the nation’s most effective energy carrier • Clean, versatile, domestic • Power grid cannot meet future energy challenges • Capacity, reliability, quality, efficiency • Superconductivity can transform the power grid to meet the 21st century • Basic-applied research to enable commercialization of present generation superconducting technology • High risk-high payoff discovery research for next-generation superconducting grid technology • New superconducting materials for higher temperatures and currents • Mechanisms of high transition temperatures and current flows • Superconductivity an essential driver for materials discovery, insights into collective phenomena, and new tools/methods