Midterm One Most Missed Questions

1. Midterm One Most Missed Questions Psychology 100 Winter 2008

2. READ THIS!!! Here are some guidelines for the five most missed questions from midterm one. These topics will appear again on midterm 2. The same questions will not be asked, but the topics will be revisited. Also, please beware that not every topic from the most missed is necessarily on here. These are just basic guidelines. Enjoy and happy studying! Anne

3. Approaches to Intelligence Intelligence (Ch. 10) • Psychometric approach • A way of studying intelligence that emphasized analysis of the products of intelligence, especially scores on intelligence tests. • Is intelligence one general trait or a bundle of more specific abilities • Spearman's Ideas • G factor (general intelligence) • General cognitive abilities • S Factor (special intelligence) • Special information and skills need for a particular task

4. Approaches to Intelligence Intelligence (Ch. 10) • Cattell agreed with Spearman, but believed that there were two different kinds of G’s. • Fluid Intelligence: Basic power of reasoning and problem solving • Example: When you start a new job, fluid intelligence gives you the ability to learn the new skills at the new job. • Crystallized intelligence: Specific knowledge gained as a result of applying fluid intelligence; produced verbal comprehension and skill at manipulating numbers • (learning from past experience) • Usually becomes stronger as we age and acquire new skills • Example: Skills you have acquired over a long period of time at a particular job. • One can think of these as immature (fluid) verses expert (crystallized)

5. Approaches to Intelligence Intelligence (Ch. 10) • Information-processing: an approach to the study of intelligence that focuses on mental operations such as attention and memory that underlie intelligent behavior

6. Approaches to Intelligence Intelligence (Ch. 10) Triarchic Theory of Intelligence • Analytic- book smart Traditional, academically oriented ability • Creative- thinking outside of the box draw on past experience to deal with new problems • Practical- street smarts day to day problem solving (real world)

7. Approaches to Intelligence Intelligence (Ch. 10) Multiple Intelligence • Linguistic: Good vocabulary and reading comprehension • Logical-Mathematical: Arithmetic and reasoning • Spatial: Relationships between objects (usually think in pictures) • Enjoy maps, charts, pictures, movies, etc. • Musical: Rhythm, tempo, and sound identification • Body-Kinesthetic: Dancing, athletics, hand/eye coordination

8. Approaches to Intelligence Intelligence (Ch. 10) Multiple Intelligence • Intrapersonal: Self-understanding • Self-reflection • Try to understand their dreams and relationships with people • Interpersonal: Understanding of others (Dr. Phil) • Relate and understand other people • Try to see things for another persons perspective • Naturalistic: See patterns in nature • Emotional: Perceptions of emotions

9. Review Question for Intelligence A month after Hank bought his first calculator, it stopped working. Although he has no experience with fixing calculators, he figures that is might have a power supply problem. Hank looks for a battery compartment, but there isn’t one. Hank notices a tiny screw at each corner of the case, so he opens the case , finds batteries inside and replaces them. Hank fixed his calculator without having experience to guide him; therefore, he mostly used _________ intelligence A. Crystallized B. Fluid C. Intrapersonal D. Triarchic Correct answer can be found in the notes section of the PowerPoint.

10. Review Question for Intelligence • Chuck says that intelligence is a general characteristic, meaning that a person capable in one area is also capable in another area. Chuck believes that testing people will support his hypothesis; therefore, he has a(n) ___________approach to intelligence. • A. Information-processing • B. Multiple intelligences • C. Psychometric • D. Triarchic Correct answer can be found in the notes section of the PowerPoint.

11. Review Question for Intelligence • Betsy’s teacher evaluated her personal and body-kinesthetic intelligence because the teacher believes that those are important skills NOT measured by standard intelligence tests. Betsy’s teacher has the ___________ approach to intelligence. • A. Information-processing • B. Multiple Intelligences • C. Psychometric • D. Triarchic Correct answer can be found in the notes section of the PowerPoint.

12. Review Question for Intelligence • In the movie Home Alone, 8 year old Kevin is accidentally left behind when his family goes on vacation. When he discovers that two men are planning to burglarize his house, he sets up booby traps around the house and eventually helps to catch the thieves. In the movie, Kevin relies on __________intelligence to fend for himself in a dangerous situation. • A. Spatial • B. Analytical • C. Logical-Mathematical • D. Practical Correct answer can be found in the notes section of the PowerPoint.

13. Review Question for Intelligence • In Dr. Smart’s research, she examines individual differences in mental operations, such as reaction time, and how they influence people’s ability to learn new material. Dr. Smart utilizes the __________ approach to studying intelligence. • A. Triarchic • B. Psychometric • C. Information-processing • D. Interpersonal intelligence Correct answer can be found in the notes section of the PowerPoint.

14. Review Question for Intelligence • In School, Billy learned that the capital of Ohio is Columbus, and the area of a square is its height multiplied by its width. These pieces of specific knowledge that Billy acquired are examples of _______ intelligence. • A. Crystallized • B. Fluid • C. Naturalistic • D. Intrapersonal Correct answer can be found in the notes section of the PowerPoint.

15. Sexual Behavior Sexuality (Chapter 11) • Sexual Scripts • Patterns of behavior that lead to sex • As opposed to Sexual Response Cycle (patterns of physiological arousal during/after sex)

16. Piaget’s Theory Development (Ch. 12) • Sensorimotor Stage (birth – 2 yrs)- mental activity confined to sensory perception and motor skills • Object permanence develops • Preoperational Stage (2-7 yrs)- begins to use symbols to represent things that are not present (words, images, and symbols represent world…..imaginary play) • Egocentrism • Animism • FAIL Conservation -irreversibility -centration

17. Piaget’s Theory Development (Ch. 12) • Concrete Operational (7-11yrs)- a child's thinking is no longer dominated by visual appearance (understand conservation, able to reverse, simple logic) • Formal Operational Stage (11+ yrs)- Abstract thinking (hypothetical (scientific) reasoning develops)

18. Review Question • Claude pretends to be a baker while playing in the sand. He forms five sand cookie balls. Then he forms a sixth and flattens into a pancake. “Wow!” he exclaims, “this is a much bigger cookie than the other ones!” According to Piaget, Claude is in ________ stage of cognitive development. • A. Concrete Operations • B. Formal Operations • C. Preoperational • D. Sensorimotor Correct answer can be found in the notes section of the PowerPoint.

19. Review Question • Gary’s parents are constantly amazed at how their son has changed over the past year. Suddenly, he loves to study science, is a feminist, and wants to participate in an anti-nuclear power demonstration. Gary has moved into the _________ stage of cognitive development. • A. Sensorimotor • B. Preoperational • C. Concrete Operational • D. Formal Operational • Correct answer can be found in the notes section of the PowerPoint.

20. Central Nervous System Biological Psychology (Ch. 3) • The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. • The spinal cord: • Located with in the spinal column • Relays signal from peripheral senses (afferent) to the brain and conveys messages from brain to the rest of the body (efferent)

21. Central Nervous System Biological Psychology (Ch. 3) • Afferent- approach • Efferent- Exit • Easy way to remember these is that “A”fferent goes with “A”pproach • “E”fferent goes with “E”xit

22. Central Nervous System Biological Psychology (Ch. 3) • Reflexes **Spinal cord directs some simple behavior (reflexes) without instructions from the brain • Involuntary, unlearned reactions

23. Review Question • Delia accidentally touched a hot curling iron and immediately jerked her hand back. This is an example of a quick reflexive behavior controlled by____________. • A. Brain • B. Autonomic Nervous System • C. Somatic Nervous System • D. Spinal Cord Correct answer can be found in the notes section of the PowerPoint.

24. Development of Language Language (Ch. 8) • Consult Pages 309- 317 in the text • Linguistic determinism- language shapes thought • Example: Snow. English language only has one word for snow; Eskimos may have multiple words for snow. So Whorf believed that Eskimos thought about snow differently. • Also refer to the color example • Framing Effect- language can affect reasoning, problem solving, and decision making; thinking influenced by words used to describe situation • Example: Going to the grocery store. One box says “no added fat” and another says “15% fat”; they could easily mean the same thing.

25. Development of Language Language (Ch. 8) • First Year • Babbling: patterns of meaningless sounds that resemble speech • Second Year • One-word stage: language begins to develop one word at a time • This stage usually last about six months • Telegraphic: Short (two word) sentences; • no prepositions (in, on, out…) • Use different tones for questions than demands • Example: “give book” “go out?” • (more examples in your book)

26. Development of Language Language (Ch. 8) • Universal grammar • Chomsky’s view: humans have built-in/pre-wired ability to identify the basic dimensions of language