AP Mock Exam 2013

1. U.S. Government and Politics AP Mock Exam 2013

2. #1 – Considering all elections at all levels of government, which of the following best describes electoral behavior in the United States? • Primary elections tend to elicit a higher voter turnout than do general elections. • The majority of the electorate does not vote in most elections. • Voter turnout plays an insignificant role in election outcomes. • Adult citizens under the age of 30 tend to have the highest rate of voter turnout. • Voters with strong party identification vote less regularly than do independents.

3. Correct answer to #1(Voter apathy) • The majority of the electorate does not vote in most elections. State and local elections, in particular, have very low turnout. For example, turnout was only 5 percent of registered voters in a recent Dallas mayoral election.

4. #2 – In which of the following scenarios would a presidential veto most likely be upheld? • The President has the support of the Supreme Court. • The President is in a second term, removed from partisan politics. • The proposed legislation enjoys widespread bipartisan support. • The proposed legislation was originally adopted by a large majority in both houses of Congress. • Two-thirds of the representatives and senators are members of the same party as the President.

5. Correct answer to #2(Upholding a presidential veto) • Two-thirds of the representatives and senators are members of the same party as the President. Presidents, especially popular presidents, are often able to garner support from their own party in Congress.

6. #3 – Which of the following statements about voting patterns is best supported by the table? • Women were more likely than men to vote Democratic. • People who were young, White, and from the South were most likely to be Perot supporters. • Voters with low educational attainment were more likely to vote Republican than Democratic. • Voters in the South were more likely to vote Democratic than those in other regions. • Nonwhite voters were less likely to support Republican presidential candidates in 1992 than they were in 1980.

7. Correct answer to #3(Women voters) • Women were more likely than men to vote Democratic. This is a “reading the chart” question , but Democrats have a reputation for having favorable stances on “women’s issues.” Women make up 52% of the electorate, so Democrats have an interest in “turning out” women voters.

8. #4 – The data in the table provide clear evidence that • Republicans were increasingly likely to defect from their party’s candidate • The vote in the Midwest predicted the outcome rather consistently • The East has become a Republican stronghold • Voters under the age of 30 were more likely than older voters to support eh Democratic candidate • Nonwhite voters showed no preference for one party over another

9. Correct answer to #4(Voting in the Midwest) • The vote in the Midwest predicted the outcome rather consistently Another “reading the chart” question – but understand that this was not true in 2008 or 2012.

10. #5 – The Tenth Amendment to the Constitution has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to • Prevent states from taxing agencies of the federal government • Reserve powers to the states • Restrict the application of judicial review • Allow for the burning of the flag as an expression of protest • Limit the use of the legislative veto

11. Correct answer to #5(Tenth Amendment) • Reserve powers to the states Amendment 10 indicates that powers not specifically given to the central government, nor denied to the stated, are retained by the states. We call these “reserved powers.” (Amendment 9 reserves powers to the people.)

12. #6 – Which of the following statements can be supported from information in the table above? • Federal grants to states and local governments have increased substantially in total dollar amount since 1950. • In 1994 the federal government devoted a larger percentage of outlays to grants than in 1980. • Between 1980 and 1990, grants decreased as a percentage of federal outlays. • In 1994 states were more dependent on federal grants for revenues than in 1990, 1970, or 1960. • IV only • I and III only • II and III only • II and IV only • I, III, and IV only

13. Correct answer to #6(Federal grants) • I, III, and IV only Yet another “reading the chart” question – Federal grants have increased substantially, make up a greater percentage of federal outlays, and states have become more dependent on them.

14. #7 – When a lower court decision is appealed to the Supreme Court, which of the following is most likely to occur? • The Supreme Court will reconsider the case, and overturn the lower court decision. • The Supreme Court will reprimand the lower court judge for improperly deciding the case. • The plaintiffs or defendants will file motions for a change of venue. • The case will be retried at the lower court level. • The Supreme Court will not hear the appeal.

15. Correct answer to #7(Appeals to the Supreme Court) • The Supreme Court will not hear the appeal. Fewer than 1% of the lower court decisions are heard by the U.S. Supreme Court.

16. #8 – Which of the following is true of amicus curiae briefs? • They are used by interest groups to lobby courts. • They are used exclusively by liberal interest groups. • They are used exclusively by conservative interest groups. • They are now unconstitutional. • They are the means by which a litigant seeks Supreme Court review of a lower court decision.

17. Correct answer to #8(Amicus curiae briefs) • They are used by interest groups to lobby courts. Amicus curiae briefs are the means by which interested parties seek to influence the decision of the court.

18. #9 – The terms “fiscal federalism” and “cooperative federalism” refer to situations in which • The federal government completely dominates state and local governments. • States are forbidden any activity that has not been specifically approved by the Supreme Court. • The federal judiciary uses its power of judicial review to ensure congressional dominance over state legislatures. • State, municipal, and local income taxes are pooled by special agreement and redistributed in accordance with individual need. • Federal, state, and local governments work together to complete a project, with the federal government providing much of the project funding.

19. Correct answer to #9(Fiscal/cooperative federalism) • Federal, state, and local governments work together to complete a project, with the federal government providing much of the project funding. Cooperative federalism = “marble cake” federalism (federal goals & funding flow through state govt). Dual federalism = “layer cake” federalism (strictly divided areas of responsibility).

20. #10 – Which of the following is a result of the electoral college system? • The winner of the presidency often lacks a majority of the popular vote. • Candidates focus on one-party states in which they can win most of the electoral votes. • The House of Representatives frequently chooses the President from the top three candidates. • Candidates focus on the states with the largest populations. • Campaign spending increases because candidates emphasize television advertising.

21. Correct answer to #10(Consequences of Electoral College) • Candidates focus on the states with the largest populations. In order to get a majority of the electoral votes (270 in 2012), candidates must appeal to voters in states with the largest populations – or the right combination of smaller swing states.

22. #11 – Which of the following committees of the House of Representatives sets the conditions for debate and amendment of most legislation? • Ways and Means • Appropriations • Judiciary • Rules • Government Operations

23. Correct answer to #11(Congressional Committees) • Rules • Rules = Sets conditions for debate and amendment • Ways and Means = Originates all revenue (tax and tariff) bills • Appropriations = Distributes money from the Treasury (to meet budget allocations) • Judiciary = Has jurisdiction over federal criminal law and holds hearings related to federal court confirmations • Government Operations = Responsible for matters relating to elections, government ethics, campaign finance, personnel and property management

24. #12 – Of the following, which has been used most to expand the power of the national government? • The commerce clause of the Constitution • The habeas corpus clause of the Constitution • The bill of attainder clause of the Constitution • The First Amendment • The Fifth Amendment

25. Correct answer to #12(Commerce clause application) • The commerce clause of the Constitution The federal government’s supremacy over interstate commerce has been used to enforce other regulations. For example, the commerce clause was used to justify the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The federal government argued that they could desegregate public accommodations – as they impacted interstate trade.

26. #13 – Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the two major political parties in the United States? • Parties have no organization except at the national level. • Parties are centrally organized to provide a smooth transition from one national campaign to the next. • Parties are organized much like a large corporation, in that decisions flow from national to state and local levels. • Local and state parties have virtually no power in the party system. • Separate and largely independent party organizations exist at national, state, and local levels.

27. Correct answer to #13(Party Structure) • Separate and largely independent party organizations exist at national, state, and local levels.

28. #14 – Following the Civil War, the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was designed to overturn the • Dred Scott decision • Plessy v. Ferguson ruling • Emancipation Proclamation • Civil Rights Act of 1866 • Slaughterhouse cases

29. Correct answer to #14(Original purpose of the 14th Amendment) • Dred Scott decision The Supreme Court decided in the Dred Scott case that African Americans (slave or free) were not citizens. The 14th Amendment made former slaves citizens, and entitled them to “equal protection under the law.” The equal protection clause has since been applied to a variety of rights movements.

30. #15 – Which of the following best illustrates the point being made in the cartoon above? • The influence of presidents on the Supreme Court is limited because the Senate often rejects their nominees. • The terms of Supreme Court justices should be reduced from their current forty years. • Presidents can have an influence on public policy far beyond their terms of office. • The opinions of Supreme Court justices remain very similar over long periods of time. • Supreme Court justices seldom issue dissenting opinions.

31. Correct answer to #15(Supreme Court appointments) • Presidents can have an influence on public policy far beyond their terms of office. Because of the lifetime terms of Supreme Court justices, Presidents who are able to appoint new justices have a lasting impact on the decisionmaking of the Supreme Court and therefore on policy that impacts life in the U.S. (In total, Reagan made four appointments to the Supreme Court – including his elevation of Nixon appointee William Rehnquist to the position of Chief Justice.)

32. #16 – The table best supports which of the following statements about party identification and voting behavior? • There is no consistent relationship between party identification and voting behavior. • People with weak party identification tend to vote for opposing party candidates. • Independent-leaning Democrats are unreliable voters for the Democratic party. • People who most resist party identification tend to vote for Republican candidates. • People with strong Democratic party identification tend to vote for the Democratic party.

33. Correct answer to #16(Party Identification and Voting Patterns) • People with strong Democratic party identification tend to vote for the Democratic party. Again with the “reading the chart” questions? Still, you need to remember that party identification is the strongest indicator of voting patterns.

34. #17 – The table best supports which of the following statements about the two elections for which data are provided? • The 1988 and 1990 elections were clear victories for the Democratic party. • Republican voters exhibited greater party discipline in 1990 than they did in 1988. • Independent-leaning Republicans were the Republicans least likely to cross party lines. • Pure Independents were less likely to vote for the Democratic presidential candidate in 1988 than for Democratic House candidates in 1990. • Weak Democrats were the group most likely to vote for Republican candidates.

35. Correct answer to #17(Party Identification and Voting Patterns) • Pure Independents were less likely to vote for the Democratic presidential candidate in 1988 than for Democratic House candidates in 1990. This is the just a “reading the chart” question.

36. #18 – In recent presidential administrations, the principal staff for the President has been made up of members of the • White House Office • cabinet • Congress • national committee of the President's party • civil service

37. Correct answer to #18(White House staff) • White House Office The White House staff has acted as the principal staff for the president. This staff is chosen based on their level of support for the President.

38. #19 – The procedure for formally amending the United States Constitution best illustrates which of the following? • The dominance of the national government over the state governments • The dominance of the state governments over the national government • The Founding Fathers' desire to facilitate rapid constitutional revisions • The Supreme Court's power to review constitutional amendments • The federal structure of the United States government

39. Correct answer to #19(Federalism) • The federal structure of the United States government While the amendment is written and passed by the federal government (2/3 majority of both houses), three quarters of the states must ratify it.

40. #20 – Which of the following best explains why delegates to both the Republican and Democratic Conventions in 1996 were much more likely to have college and postgraduate degrees than was the rest of the voting population? • College education increases the likelihood of holding liberal political positions. • College education increases the likelihood of holding conservative political positions. • Political activism increases with education levels. • Education allows people to have more time to attend conventions. • Some states required delegates to hold college degrees.

41. Correct answer to #20(Education and political activism) • Political activism increases with education levels.

42. #21 – Congressional district boundaries are usually redrawn every ten years by the • Bureau of the Census • state legislatures • President • House Rules Committee • Federal Election Commission

43. Correct answer to #21(Redistricting) • state legislatures This is the plan for redistricting in 34 states. Seven states have only one representative. Others have independent bodies or bipartisan commissions.

44. #22 – The franking privilege refers to the • Federal Reserve Board's control over interest rates • practice of permitting senators to preview lists of judicial nominees • practice whereby legislators with the most seniority select the committees on which they want to serve • right of the chair to control the schedule of his or her congressional committee • right of members of Congress to send mail to their constituents at the government's expense

45. Correct answer to #22(Franking privilege) • right of members of Congress to send mail to their constituents at the government's expense The franking privilege is one factor that supports the incumbency advantage, as senators and representatives are able to utilize the franking privilege to advertise and put their name in front of their constituents.

46. #23 – Which of the following took place after presidential candidates Truman in 1948, Nixon in 1968, and Clinton in 1992 won only pluralities of the popular vote? • The election was formally decided in the House of Representatives. • The election was formally decided in the Senate. • The winning candidate took office after receiving less than 50% of the popular votes cast. • The electoral college votes cast by independents were critical in determining the winner. • The results of the popular vote necessitated a runoff.

47. Correct answer to #23(Plurality election) • The winning candidate took office after receiving less than 50% of the popular votes cast. In a plurality election, the person who wins the greatest number of votes takes office – though they did not win a majority.

48. #24 – Which of the following is generally true of the gerrymandering of congressional districts? • It results in more Democrats being elected to the House. • It results in more Republicans being elected to the House. • It guarantees that all minority parties will be equally represented. • It creates districts that favor one political party over another. • It violates the principle of one-person, one-vote.

49. Correct answer to #24(Gerrymandering) • It creates districts that favor one political party over another. Favoring one party over the other is the purpose of gerrymandering.

50. #25 – Which of the following is one of the central concerns of the First Amendment? • The supremacy of the national over the state governments • The right of citizens to bear arms • The division of powers among the three branches of government • The right of citizens to petition the government for redress of grievances • The protection of the rights of those accused of committing a crime