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Scorpionfly feeding on a butterfly pupa. (After a photograph by P.H. Ward & S.L. Ward.)

Scorpionfly feeding on a butterfly pupa. (After a photograph by P.H. Ward & S.L. Ward.). Figure 13.1. The basic spectrum of predator foraging and prey defense strategies, varying according to costs and benefits in both time and energy. (After Malcolm 1990.). Figure 13.2.

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Scorpionfly feeding on a butterfly pupa. (After a photograph by P.H. Ward & S.L. Ward.)

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  1. Scorpionfly feeding on a butterfly pupa. (After a photograph by P.H. Ward & S.L. Ward.)

  2. Figure 13.1 The basic spectrum of predator foraging and prey defense strategies, varying according to costs and benefits in both time and energy. (After Malcolm 1990.)

  3. Figure 13.2 An antlion of Myrmeleon (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae): (a) larva in its pit in sand; (b) detail of dorsum of larva; (c) detail of ventral view of larval head showing how the maxilla fits against the grooved mandible to form a sucking tube. (After Wigglesworth 1964.)

  4. Figure 13.3 Distal part of the leg of a mantid showing the opposing rows of spines that interlock when the tibia is drawn upwards against the femur. (After Preston-Mafham 1990.)

  5. Figure 13.4 Ventrolateral view of the head of a dragonfly nymph (Odonata: Aeshnidae: Aeshna) showing the labial “mask”: (a) in folded position and (b) extended during prey capture with opposing hooks of the palpal lobes forming claw-like pincers. (After Wigglesworth 1964.)

  6. Figure 13.5 Encapsulation of a living larva of Apanteles (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) by the hemocytes of a caterpillar of Ephestia (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). (After Salt 1968.)

  7. Box 13.1

  8. Figure 13.6 Two examples of the ovipositional behavior of hymenopteran hyperparasitoids of aphids: (a) endophagous Alloxysta victrix (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) ovipositing into a primary parasitoid inside a live aphid; (b) ectophagous Asaphes lucens (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) ovipositing onto a primary parasitoid in a mummified aphid. (After Sullivan 1988.)

  9. Figure 13.7 Steps in host selection by the hyperparasitoid Alloxysta victrix (Hymenoptera: Figitidae). (After Gutierrez 1970.)

  10. Figure 13.8 Comparisons of louse and host phylogenetic trees: (a) adherence to Fahrenholz’s rule; (b) independent speciation of the lice; (c) independent speciation of the hosts. (After Lyal 1986.)

  11. Box 13.2

  12. Figure 13.9 An example of the regular cycling of numbers of predators and their prey: the aquatic planktonic predator Chaoborus (Diptera: Chaoboridae) and its cladoceran prey Daphnia (Crustacea).

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