Master Notes

1. Master Notes • Copy down the master notes into a spiral notebook • If you did the first set of master notes continue where you left off • Leave a space for maps and cut out the maps and glue them into the notebook • At the end write a summary on the topics provided

2. Locate the Political Area Turkey Iraq Israel Afghanistan Iran Saudi Arabia

3. Locate the Physical Location Euphrates Tigris River River Gaza Strip Strait of Hormuz Jordan River Suez Canal Persian Gulf Red Sea Arabian Sea

4. Environmental Issues: Water Supply • Aquifer – An underground water supply filled by rains • Reservoir – Man made lake • Dam – Holds back water creates reservoir • Fossil Water – Water that is underground for thousands of years. • Drip Irrigation – Drop the exact amount of water on each planet (expensive). • Desalination – The process of removing salt from salt water.

5. Distribution of water • Not every country in the Middle East has access to clean drinking water. Water Wars • Countries that block access to water and rivers result in wars. Water Pollution • Some water is heavily polluted due to • Chemical fertilizer – farms use chemicals that wash into drinking water. • Human waste – waste from people is washed into the drinking water (causing sickness) • Industrial waste – Companies dump toxins in water causing illness and death.

6. Oil in the Middle East The Middle East has lots of oil Some countries have lots of oil and natural gas Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait Some countries do not have oil Afghanistan Countries with oil are wealthy from oil Countries without oil are not wealthy with oil Wealth is not distributed (shared evenly)

7. Judaism • Started by Abraham 3500 years ago • Monotheistic (one god) • Torah (holy book) • Synagogue (place of worship) • Rabbi (religious leader) • Kosher (dietary rules/don’t eat pork) • Jerusalem (Holy city)

8. Christianity • Started by Jesus 2000 years ago • Monotheistic (one god) • Bible (holy book) • Church (place of worship) • Minister/Priest (religious leader) • Jerusalem (holy city)

9. Islam • Started by Muhammad 1400 years ago • Monotheistic (one god) • Koran/Quran (holy book) • Mosque (place of worship) • Imam/Caliph (religious leader) • Mecca/Jersalem (holy city) • 5 pillars (rules for all Muslims) • Dietary rules (can’t eat pork, shell fish etc.)

10. Sunni and Shia • Disagreement over leadership of Islam • Sunni • want to vote for the leader • Choose the most qualified • Shia • Want to leader to be related to Muhammad • Choose a relative of Muhammad

11. Ethnic Groups Ethnic groups – A group of people with similar ethnic background (what group you belong to) Religious Groups – A group of people with similar religious beliefs. • Arabs • Largest ethnic group in the Middle East • Persians • Second largest ethnic group • From the area around Iran • Kurds • From the mountainous areas

12. Literacy Rate and GDP • Literacy Rate – The amount of people who can read and write • GDP – Gross domestic product – How much money a country has • High GDP = High Literacy Rate(more $ = education) • Low GDP = Low Literacy Rate (less $ = less education)

13. U.S. Involvement in Southwest Asia (Middle East) • U.S. has political and economic involvement in Middle East. • Oil • Involved in breakup of Ottoman Empire • Creation of Israel in 1948 and supporting Israel

14. Persian Gulf War • Saddam Hussein Iraqi president invades Kuwait in 1990 • Wants to control oil reserves in Kuwait • Kuwait asks the UN for help • 1991 US and UN coalition attack Iraqi forces in Operation Desert Storm

15. Persian Gulf War • Creates an environmental disaster • Blows up oil wells as Iraqi army retreats • Iraq leaves Kuwait and returns to Iraq • UN imposes WMD (Weapons of Mass Destruction) inspectors in Iraq

16. 9/11 & War on Terrorism • U.S. involvement in Middle East is not welcomed by some • Osama Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda want U.S. removed from the Middle East • Use terrorism as a tool to fight back

17. 9/11 & War on Terrorism • September 11, 2001 – 4 airliners are high jacked by terrorist and flown into both World Trade Centers, Pentagon and last one crashes in Pennsylvania • Bin Laden and Al Qaeda take responsibility.

18. Invasion of Afghanistan • 2001 U.S. invades Afghanistan to fight Al Qaeda and Bin Laden • Taliban government in Afghanistan is a safe haven for terrorists • U.S. takes over country to break up terrorist networks • Operation Enduring Freedom

19. War in Afghanistan • Installs a democracy in the nation • US locates and US Seal Team 6 kills Osama Bin laden in May 2011 in Pakistan • The war continues today

20. Iraq War • 2003 U.S. intelligence believes that Iraq is creating WMD’s (weapons of mass destruction) • Bush starts Operation Iraqi Freedom • WMD’s are not found

21. Iraq War • Saddam Hussein is found and tried for crimes against humanity • Found guilty of murdering his own people (Kurds and Shia Muslims) • Executed by the new democratic government in Iraqi government

22. Government Systems • Unitary • Government holds all the power • Local gov/state have some power • Some have local officials who are elected to office • Examples; monarchy such as Saudi Arabia Local Gov’t Local Gov’t Central Gov’t Local Gov’t Local Gov’t

23. Confederation • Local government has the power and shares it with the federal government. • Central government only has the power the local government is willing to give. • Examples of confederation; League of Arab States or (OPEC) Local Gov’t Local Gov’t Central Gov’t Local Gov’t Local Gov’t

24. Federal • Power is shared among different levels of government • Power is in the Federal government and state/local government is given power • Example; Israel Local Gov’t Local Gov’t Central Gov’t Local Gov’t Local Gov’t

25. Citizen Participation • Autocratic Government • Oligarchy • Theocracy • Monarchy • Democracy • One person has all of the power • A group of people have all the power • The religion controls the government (Iran) • One man usually king has all the power. Form of autocracy (Saudi Arabia • The people choose their leader (Israel & Turkey)

26. Forms of Democracy President • Presidential • Parliamentary • Elected directly by the people • (United States) • Prime Minister Elected by the legislature • The legislature elected by the people(Israel, Turkey) Vote People Prime Minister Vote Legislature Vote People

27. Economic System • Traditional Economy • Command Economy • Market Economy • Mixed Economy • Controlled by customs and habits – trade and barter • Tradition controls what to make and for whom • The government controls the economy – the government tells what to make how and for whom. • The gov’t controls what to make and for whom • The Market controls economy – • Market controls what to make and for whom • Mixed Economy – A mix between Market and Command

28. Trade Barriers – anything that is a barrier to trade Quota Embargo Tariff • Set an amount of goods to be produced • To refuse to trade or do business with another country • To place an additional tax or good on products coming into the country

29. Terms • OPEC • Human Capital • Entrepreneur • Specialization • A group of oil countries that controls the price and distribution of oil • The value of people • A person who starts businesses • When a person, business is good at one particular thing

30. Africa Geography EGYPT Sudan Nigeria South Sudan Democratic Republic of The Congo Kenya South Africa

31. Africa Geography

32. Environmental Issues Clean Water – Much of the water is not clean/ contaminated because of; • Fertilizers, human & industrial waste, animal waste Aswan High Dam – Blocks the Nile R. in Egypt Pro - Good • Provides year round irrigation • Produces Electricity Con - Bad • Stops silt for farming • Farmers use harmful fertilizers

33. Niger River – Transportation Route and food source • Oil is being dumped in from oil riggs • Deforestation – Cutting down the forests • Area never grows back – extinction of wildlife • Desertification – Destroying vegetation along the Sahara increase its size, causing famine and starvation

34. People of Africa • Arabs – Spread from Middle East to North Africa. • Read and speak Arabic • Trades spread Islam below Sahara Desert • Holy book – Quran, God – Allah, Founder – Muhammad • Ashanti – Found in Ghana • Kingdom founded by man who made a golden stool • Believe in Supreme god called Nayme • Nayme’s children make up natural powers/forces • Believe in witches, demons, spirits and fairies • Worship ancestors • Bantu – Migrated from south of Sahara Desert • Represent 100s of languages • Intermarried and spread culture all over Africa • Many are Christians and Animists (Spirits found in nature) • Swahili – Mix of East Africans and Persian traders • Many are Muslims • Found in Tanzania, Kenya, Mozambique • Means “one who lives by the coast”

35. Ethnic Group and Religious Ethnic groups – A group of people with similar ethnic background (what group you belong to) Religious Groups – A group of people with similar religious beliefs.

36. Imperialism in Africa • Europeans first come to Africa for slaves • Scramble for Africa - After slavery became illegal they found other resources; Cheap Labor, Gold, diamonds, lumber, ivory, peanuts, palm oil etc. • Colonize Africa – Took it over and forced the nation to serve there own • They create cities, railroads, schools, • Berlin Conference – European nation meet to decide how to share Africa, NO Africans were there. • WWII – Africa helps with the war and nations want independence. • Europeans give it to them because they are broke, and lack ability to rule. • WWII – Africa helps with the war and nations want independence. • Europeans give it to them because they are broke, and lack ability to rule.

37. South Africa • Pan Africanism – Africa run by Africans. • South Africa is run by white South Africans under British rule. • Gained independence in 1948 • They remain in power after South Africa gains its independence from Great Britain. • Apartheid – Separation of races - Blacks are given few rights • African National Congress- created to fight for rights for blacks in South Africa with the leadership of Nelson Mandela • Mandela went to prison for 27 years • F.W. Deklerkends Apartheid and frees Mandela • Mandela becomes first black president of South Africa

38. Kenya • Became a colony of Great Britain • there was a violent resulting in tens of thousands of deaths. • Kenyans wanted the right to vote and run their own government. • Kenya finally becomes independent in 1963 • Joseph Kenyatta becomes the first black president of Kenya

39. Nigeria • Nigeria a colony of Great Britain • Gained independence in 1960 • Christians and Muslim leaders work together for independence • Nigerians control government for themselves • Civil war broke out between the Christian south and the Muslim north. • The religious war left many thousands dead or injured

40. Problems for New African Countries • Partitioning of Africa was done by Europeans • When new independent counties were formed they were colonial boundaries • Grouped together ethnic groups that did not like each other • Split apart ethnic groups that should be in one country

41. Problems for New Governments • Poor education • Poor health care • Poor people • Civil Wars • Diseases • Poor transportation systems • No money

42. Economic System • Traditional Economy • Command Economy • Market Economy • Mixed Economy • Controlled by customs and habits – trade and barter • Tradition controls what to make and for whom • The government controls the economy – the government tells what to make how and for whom. • The gov’t controls what to make and for whom • The Market controls economy – • Market controls what to make and for whom • Mixed Economy – A mix between Market and Command

43. Trade Barriers – anything that is a barrier to trade Quota Embargo Tariff • Set an amount of goods to be produced • To refuse to trade or do business with another country • To place an additional tax or good on products coming into the country

44. Economy of Africa • Nigeria – Market Economy • Weak but growing economy • Know for Petrochemicals (oil) • Low standard of living • Government corruption hurts the economy • South Africa – Market Economy • Strong economy • Known for platinum, gold, diamonds. • Large industry, automotive, textiles, iron, steel, chemicals and fertilizers. • High standard of living

45. Citizen Participation • Autocratic Government • Oligarchy • Theocracy • Monarchy • Democracy • One person has all of the power • A group of people have all the power • The religion controls the government (Iran) • One man usually king has all the power. Form of autocracy (Saudi Arabia • The people choose their leader (Israel & Turkey)

46. Government of Kenya

47. Government of South Africa

48. Government of Sudan

49. Geography of Asia Huange He River Indus River Sea of Japan Yangtze River South China Sea Ganges River Bay of Bengal Mekong River Indian Ocean

50. Geography of Asia Russia Mongolia North Korea Japan China South Korea Pakistan India Vietnam Indonesia