Communication Process: Transmission and Influencing Factors

1. Chapter 15 Communication

2. Communication Process • Transmission of thoughts, feelings, facts, and other information • Includes verbal and nonverbal behavior

3. Components of the Communication Process • Sender • Message • Channel • Receiver • Feedback

4. Factors Influencing Communication • Perception • Cultural context • Space and distance • Time

5. Levels of Communication • Intrapersonal • Messages one sends to oneself • Interpersonal • Messages between two people • Group • Messages among three or more people

6. Modes of Communication • Verbal messages • Spoken • Written (continued)

7. Modes of Communication • Nonverbal messages • Facial expression • Posture • Gestures • Touch • Physical appearance and artifacts

8. Metacommunication • Relationship aspect of communication • Refers to all factors that influence how message received • Focuses on communication process • Rather than just content

9. Types of Communication • Interdisciplinary • Therapeutic

10. Interdisciplinary Communication • Necessary to discuss assessment, intervention outcomes, and client status • Breakdown of communication can interfere with client’s treatment

11. Therapeutic Communication • Purpose: • Create beneficial outcome for client

12. Principles of Therapeutic Communication • Plan at appropriate time • Ensure privacy • Establish guidelines • Provide for comfort • Accept client • Encourage spontaneity (continued)

13. Principles of Therapeutic Communication • Focus on client • Encourage expression of feelings • Be aware of own feelings

14. Therapeutic Approaches with Clients • Offering self • Opening broadly • Being silent • Making open-ended comments • Reflecting • Restating • Exploring • Recognizing (continued)

15. Therapeutic Approaches with Clients • Focusing • Directing • Verbalizing the implied • Making observations • Clarifying • Confronting • Limiting setting

16. Barriers to Therapeutic Communication • Language differences • Cultural differences • Gender • Health status • Developmental level • Knowledge differences (continued)

17. Barriers to Therapeutic Communication • Emotional distance • Emotions • Daydreaming • Use of health care jargon

18. Communication Blocks • Reassuring • Agreeing • Approving • Defending • Using closed questions • Using stereotyped comments • Changing focus (continued)

19. Communication Blocks • Judging • Blaming • Belittling • Advising • Rejecting • Disapproving • Probing

20. Communication, Critical Thinking, and the Nursing Process • Nurses carefully formulate questions and propose answers through critical thinking • Nursing process based on competencies of interpersonal skills and critical thinking

21. Communication and the Nursing Process • Assessment • Asking questions • Observing nonverbal behavior • Reading medical records (continued)

22. Communication and the Nursing Process • Diagnosis • Posing questions during analysis and clustering of data • Talking to determine perception of needs and problems (continued)

23. Communication and the Nursing Process • Planning and outcome identification • Talking to determine areas of concern and formulate goals and objectives • Having meetings with co-workers to develop plans of care • Writing and reading care plans (continued)

24. Communication and the Nursing Process • Implementation • Gathering input to determine most appropriate intervention or method of responding (continued)

25. Communication and the Nursing Process • Evaluation • Directing communication to critique client’s response to interventions