Vaccines

1. Vaccines

2. Vaccines • Our defense mechanism→ Production of white blood cells and antibodies • What does it mean to have immunity? • It is the capacity to resist a disease that we have been exposed to by being able to fight off the infectious agent that causes the disease

3. White Blood Cells • 2 ways of Defense • Destroy infectious agents through PHAGOCYTOSIS 2. Produce antibodies→ neutralize infectious agent and antigens they produce

4. White Blood Cells • When exposed to infectious agent, our bodies produce antibodies to defeat it. • Can take a few days or weeks to get the right antibodies (trial + error) • If infectious agent is really dangerous, could have enough time to do some damage to body • If infectious agent is re-introduced, will be defeated!

5. White Blood Cells • Our immune system “REMEMBERS” • Copies of antibodies will forever remain in our bodies

6. Vaccination • Introduce “weakened” infectious agent into the body • Cannot hurt us • Just strong enough to teach body how to defeat it • Not strong enough to take over • Allows our bodies to defeat the disease if exposed to it

7. Vaccine Manufacturing • Cell culture of infectious agent (growing cells) • The cells are harmless • Result is : LIVE VACCINE INACTIVE VACCINE

8. Live vaccine • Contains “live” infectious agent • Infectious agent is chemically treated to make it impossible for it to cause the illness • In order for the cells to live longer, they are mixed with other substances • It is still alive! • Live vaccines usually cause a more aggressive immune response

9. Live Vaccine • Very rare: infectious agent can become “virulent”, meaning it can become strong enough to cause the disease instead of immunizing it! • Examples: polio vaccine, mumps, measles, chicken pox vaccine, H1N1, yellow fever, tuberculosis, seasonal flu… • 2 methods of creating a live vaccine

10. Live Vaccine • Traditional method: • Culture of infectious agent(growing the cells) • Chemical treatment of infectious agent to make it harmless • Addition of chemicals (to allow cells to live longer)

11. Live Vaccine • Genetic Transformation Method • Genetically changing the cells of infectious agent • Culture of modified infectious agent (grow cells) • Addition of chemicals (to allow cells to live longer)

12. Inactive Vaccine • Does not contain anylive infectious agent • Made by using only a part or parts of the infectious agent • These parts can still be recognized by the body’s antibodies • Parts are called = ANTIGENS • Find which antigens are causing the disease

13. Inactive Vaccine • Isolate them and then treat them so that they become harmless • Examples: Meningitis, hepatitis A & B, tetanus… • 2 ways of producing inactive vaccines

14. Inactive Vaccine • Traditional Method • Culture infectious agent • Isolate antigen • Addition of antigen to other pharmaceutical products for increased “shelf life”

15. Inactive Vaccine • Genetic Transformation Method • Introduction of a gene that produces the antigen in a microorganism • Culture the microorganism • Isolate antigen • Addition of antigen to pharmaceutical products to increase “shelf life”

16. Mixtures • 2 types • Heterogeneous • Homogeneous

17. Heterogeneous Mixtures • Made up of at least 2 substances that can be seen with the “naked eye” • Examples: Vegetable soup Rocks Salt+ pepper mix Salad Blizzard at DQ

18. Homogeneous Mixtures • Made up of at least 2 substances that cannot be seen by the “naked eye” Colloid:is a homogeneous mixture in which substances can be seen under a microscopic instrument

19. Solutions • Are homogenous mixtures that are impossible to see its different parts even with a microscope Ex: Sugar and water→ mix together, looks like you just have water • The substance that seems to “disappear” into the other is called: the solute

20. Solutions • The substance into which the “solute” dissolves is called: the solvent • Examples of solution in the body: Saliva, sweat, tears, urine etc.. They all share a common solvent→ water!!!

21. Properties of Solutions • There are 2 properties of solutions: • Concentration→ How much solute is dissolved in a certain amount of solvent. Ex: Making “Kool-Aid” depends on how much powder (solute) you mix with the water (solvent)

22. Concentration • Formula for Concentration C = M V C = concentration (g/L) M = mass of solute (g) V = volume of the solution (L)

23. Concentration • This can be shown in many different forms… • g/L : number of grams of solute in 1 litre of solution • % V/V : number of milliliters of solute in 100ml of solution Ex: 1. Bottle of water contains 45g of calcium per litre of water. Can be expressed like this: 0.045g/L

24. Concentration • 45g of calcium: SOLUTE • Water: SOLVENT 2. Bottle of vinegar with concentration of 5% v/v • This means it contains 5ml of acetic acid for 100ml of vinegar solution.

25. Concentration • Let’s try these simple problems…. 1. 2L of a salt water solution containing 5 g of salt. What is the concentration of the solution?

26. Concentration Answer: C=M V C= 5g = 2.5g 2L 1L Ans: The concentration of the solution is 2.5g/L

27. Concentration 2. What mass of sugar do you need to make 300ml of a 5g/L sugar solution? Ans: You need to convert the 300ml into Litres first!!!! * You must divide the milliliters by 1000.

28. Concentration 300ml  1000 = 0.3L C=M V 5g/L = mass of solute 0.3L Cross multiply: 5g/L x 0.3L = 1.50g Ans: You will need 1.50g of sugar.

29. Concentration 3. What mass of solute do you need to make 50ml of a 20g/L solution? Ans: Change 50ml to litres… 50ml  1000 = 0.05L C= M V 20g/L = mass of solute 0.05L

30. Concentration Cross multiply: 20g/L x 0.05L = 1g Ans: 1g of solute is needed

31. Concentration How do you know if a solution is more concentrated than the other? • By how dark the solution is when comparing it to another… • This is an observation made by the naked eye. • When comparing, the darker the solution, the more concentrated…

32. Concentration Also, by calculating the concentration… Concentration with a bigger number is always The stronger solution… Ex: 0.1g/L, 10g/L, 100g/L   Least Most Concentrated concentrated

33. Dilution What is DILUTION? • This involves decreasing the concentration of a solution by adding moreSOLVENT!!! How does it change the concentration of a solution? • Let’s look at a solution with a concentration of 1g/L

34. Dilution How will the concentration change if we add 3L of water? • After the dilution, the quantity of solutedoes not change. • There is still 1g of solute in the solution ! • But the quantity of solution has changed, there is now 4L instead of 1L!!!

35. Dilution • We can write this out like this… • The concentration is now 1g/4L!!! • This means there is 1g of solute for every 4L of solution… OR Divide 1g into 4L = 0.25g/L • So, you diluted a 1g/L solution with 3L of water to make a 0.25g/L solution!!!!

36. Dilution • Let’s us a formula for this!!!! We already know…. C=M concentration= mass of solute V volume of solution The mass always stays the same in a dilution!!!So, we can take it out of the equation! And use this….

37. Dilution C₁ V₁ =C₂ V₂ C₁ V₁ = The initial solution C₂ V₂ = The final solution C₁= Initial concentration (g/L) V₁= initial volume (L) C₂ = Final concentration (g/L) V₂ = Final volume (L)

38. Dilution • Let’s look at our example mathematically… C₁ V₁ = C₂ V₂ (plug in what you know) C₁ = 1g/L V₁= 1L C₂ = ? V₂ = 4L Do the calculations…

39. Dilution C₁ V₁ = C₂ V₂ (1)x(1) = (C₂)x(4) 1 = (C₂)4 4 4 C₂ = 0.25g/L There’s your answer!!!!