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Overview

ISO TC 37 – foundations and current work Terminological semantics for semantic interoperability R&D for creating new standards – LIRICS Application projects + pre-normative R&D – ADNOM (Meta-data) Modeling approaches in TC 37 – LMF Conclusions. Overview. SCs SC 1 SC 2 SC 3 SC 4

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Overview

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  1. ISO TC 37 – foundations and current work Terminological semantics for semantic interoperability R&D for creating new standards – LIRICS Application projects + pre-normative R&D – ADNOM (Meta-data) Modeling approaches in TC 37 – LMF Conclusions Overview

  2. SCs SC 1 SC 2 SC 3 SC 4 Topics Cultural/ling. diversity 22134 12616 12199 Metadata/coding 1087 639 12620 21829 12615 1087-2 Semantic interoperability 860 1951 12200 24613 704 639 16642 12616 Lang. res. management 860 1951 12618 24613 Terminology work 704 22128 Terminography 15188 Lexicography 10241 12199 12616 TC 37 Matrix

  3. ISO 1087 contains the axiomatic – philosophical and linguistic – foundations of terminology work based on (traditional ) terminology theory ISO 704 operationalizes these axioms into rules and principles and provides a basic methodology ISO 12620 specifies how to use and register data categories ISO 639 specifies how to use and register language codes The TC 37 „meta-language“

  4. GOALS: LIRICS provides a common standards framework for language engineering by translating requirements from language industry into ISO standards on the basis of ongoing R&D work LIRICS provides input, on the basis of the cooperation and interaction between research consortia and industry groups, to ongoing standards work in ISO/TC 37, mainly focusing on lexicons, morpho-syntax, syntax and semantic content. These standards will be accompanied by a set of test suites in nine European languages to facilitate their implementation and an open source implementation platform allowing common-format, multi-lingual language processing compatible with legacy systems and tools LIRICSLinguistic Infrastructure for Interoperable Resources and Systems

  5. SKOS

  6. INRIA, Nancy (FR) DFKI, Saarbrücken, (DE) UFSD, Univ. of Sheffield (UK) CNR–ILC, Pisa (IT) Univ. Vienna (AT) UTiL, Tilburg Univ. (NL) MPI, Max Planck-Inst. (DE) Univ. of Surrey (UK) IULA- UPF Univ. Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona (ES) Industrial Advisory Group: Morphologic, Systran, Polderland, Trados, Acrolinx, BT Exact, EADS CCR, Esteam, Expert System Language Technology, HP, Morphologic, Ontotext, PEARSON – Longman, Polderland, Q Sphere, Quinary, SDL Multilingual services, Sinequa, Synthema, SYSTRAN, Telefonica Investigación y Desarrollo, TEMIS, THAMUS, XtraMind LIRICS Consortium

  7. Founded in 1936/re-established in 1951 Scope: Standardization of principles, methods and applications relating to terminology and other language and content resources in the contexts of multilingual communication and cultural diversity SC 1 Principles and Methods (chair: L.-J. Rousseau, Secr. Sweden) SC 2 Terminography and Lexicography (chair: G. Budin, Secr. Canada) SC 3 Computer applications (chair: B. Nistrup Madsen, Secr. Germany) SC 4 Language Resource Management (chair: L. Romary, Secr. Korea) Each SC has several working groups which run at least one project Based on practical needs horizontal cooperation and coordination is to be guaranteed by SC chairs ISO/TC 37 Terminology and other language and content resources

  8. Standardization is needed for language resources (mono- and multilingual), e.g. speech data, written (full) text corpora, lexical (general language) corpora and their processing methods Relevant research areas are computational linguistics and computational lexicography, language engineering, etc., which have provided industrial best practices to be turned into official standards This process will contribute to the further development of the language industries at large As is the case with terminologies, language resources in general are often multilingual, multimedia and multimodal Language Resource Management Standardization

  9. The following standards are under the direct responsibility of ISO/TC 37/SC 1: ISO 704:2000 Terminology work – Principles and methods ISO 860:1996 Terminology work – Harmonization of concepts and terms ISO 1087-1:2000 Terminology work – Vocabulary – Part 1: Theory and application The following standards are under preparation: ISO/CD 704 Terminology work – Principles and methods ISO/CD 860 Terminology work – Harmonization of concepts and terms ISO/PWI 1087-1 Terminology work – Vocabulary – Part 1: Theory and application ISO/WD 22134 Practical guide for socioterminology ISO/TC 37/SC 1

  10. Title: Terminography and lexicography Scope: Standardization of terminological and lexicographical working methods, procedures, coding systems, workflows, and cultural diversity management, as well as related certification schemes ISO/TC 37/SC 2

  11. The following standards are under the direct responsibility of ISO/TC 37/SC 2: ISO 639-1:2002 Codes for the representation of names of languages – Part 1: Alpha-2 code ISO 639-2:1998 Codes for the representation of names of languages – Part 2: Alpha-3 code ISO 1951:1997 Lexicographical symbols and typographical conventions for use in terminography ISO 10241:1992 International terminology standards -- Preparation and layout ISO 12199:2000 Alphabetical ordering of multilingual terminological and lexicographical data represented in the Latin alphabet ISO 12616:2002 Translation-oriented terminography ISO 15188:2001 Project management guidelines for terminology standardization ISO/TC 37/SC 2 (2)

  12. The following standards are under preparation: ISO/DIS 639-3 Codes for the representation of names of languages Part 3: Alpha-3 code for comprehensive coverage of languages ISO/CD 639-4 Codes for the representation of names of languages Part 4: Implementation guidelines and general principles for language coding ISO/CD 639-5 Codes for the representation of names of languages Part 5: Alpha-3 code for language families and groups ISO/WD 639-6 Codes for the representation of names of languages Part 6: Extension coding for language variation ISO/FDIS 1951 Presentation/representation of entries in dictionaries ISO/CD 10241-1 Terminological entries in standards – Part 1: General requirements ISO/CD 10241-2Terminological entries in standards ISO 12615 Bibliographic references and source identifiers for terminology ISO/NWI TR 22128 Quality assurance guidelines for terminology products ISO/NP 23185 Assessment and benchmarking of terminological holdings ISO/TC 37/SC 2 (3)

  13. title: Terminology management systems and content interoperability scope: Standardization of principles and requirements for semantic interoperability, terminology and content management systems, and knowledge ordering tools ISO/TC 37/SC 3 (1)

  14. The following standards are under the direct responsibility of ISO/TC 37/SC 3: ISO 1087-2:2000 Terminology work – Vocabulary – Part 2: Computer applications ISO 6156:1987Magnetic tape exchange format for (withdrawn) terminological/ lexicographical records ISO 12200:1999 Computer applications in terminology – Machine-readable terminology interchange format (MARTIF) – Negotiated interchange ISO 12620:1999 Computer applications in terminology – Data categories ISO 16642:2003 Computer applications in terminology – Terminological markup framework ISO/TC 37/SC 3 (2)

  15. The following standards are under preparation: ISO/NWI TR 12618 Computational aids in terminology – Design, implementation and use of terminology management systems ISO/CD 12620 Computer applications in terminology – Data categories NWI on conceptual modeling NWI on electronic catalogs ISO/TC 37/SC 3 (3)

  16. Title: Language resource management Scope: Standardization of specifications for computer-assisted language resource management linguistic infrastructures are being established or re-enforced as part of the rapidly evolving information and communication society; professional activities involving language resource sharing and standardization are increasing in diverse areas: governmental or non-governmental organizations, public or private institutions, educational institutions, commercial enterprises, etc., both, globalization and localization necessitate multilingual communication; there is an increasing need for new standardization as well as urgent recognition of existing de facto standards and their transformation into International Standards ISO/TC 37/SC 4 (1)

  17. The following standards are under preparation: ISO/NWI 21829 Terminology for language resources ISO/NP 23679-1 Word segmentation of written texts for mono-lingual and multi-lingual information processing – Part 1: General principles and methods ISO/NP 23679-2 Word segmentation of written texts for mono-lingual and multi-lingual information processing – Part 2: Word segmentation for Chinese, Japanese and Korean ISO/CD 24610-3 Language resource management – Feature structures – Part 3: Word segmentation for other languages ISO/WD 24611 Language resource management – Morpho-syntactic annotation framework ISO/WD 24612 Language Resource Management – Linguistic Annotation Framework ISO/WD 24613 Language resource management – Lexical markup framework ISO/TC 37/SC 4 (2)

  18. Industry requirements -> specifications for designing the standards Scoping: language technology standards, terminology and language resource standards, etc. Feedback loops/co-operation schemes/liaison strategies/workshops Critically reviewing and revising existing standards to live up to changing and new expectations and requirements Approach

  19. Working principles consensus building + international project management Conceptual precision by documenting and agreeing on DEFINITIONS (conceptual specifications) Linguistic precision Terminological assignments Systematic approach (concept systems, conceptual modeling) Multilingual, cross-cultural approach How to achieve terminological interoperability

  20. CEN/ISSS WS ADNOM Administrative Nomenclatures Application example

  21. Without high quality and standards-based terminologies it is impossible to reach precision, efficiency, and transparency within and across eBusiness, eGovernment, eHealth, eLearning, eCulture, eScience, etc. processes and systems Problem situation: lack of accessibility to high quality resources in many domains and languages, diversity of coding schemes and data organization -> lack of interoperability (syntactic, semantic, pragmatic) across existing data bases Cultural differences across language communities and domain cultures are sometimes so strong that citizens as well as experts are lost in dynamic communication situations –> administrative and legal language is the best example Goal: Implementing a framework for Semantic Interoperability across domains and languages in Europe

  22. Such terminologies are organized and used for multiple purposes in the form of dictionaries, data bases, thesauri, classification systems, nomenclatures, taxonomies, ontologies, indexes, term lists, etc. ADNOM provides a coherent methodology for modeling, mapping, presenting, and accessing such resources in the context of the emerging European Interoperability Framework and in line with – and contributing to new – European and international standards (ISO/TC 37, JTC 1/SC 32, etc.). Approach: federated registries based on ebXML and Topic Maps implementations, meta-data standards, terminology mark-up framework -> Semantic richness/complexity is managed and visualized and not eliminated. Goal: Implementing a framework for Semantic Interoperability across domains and languages in Europe

  23. Survey on existing administrative nomenclatures and similar terminological resources in Europe as well as on the organizations managing these resources Procedural methodology described in the CWA (with principles and recommendations) Demonstrator showing the implementation of the ADNOM approach (ebXML + Topic Maps (XTM) + ISO 16642 + ISO 11179 + other standards) (will be operational online in April), showing the “ADNOM Seamless Knowledge Core model” with federated registries, navigation services, etc. Emerging organizational network of relevant institutions (stake holders), integrating existing networks; dissemination efforts (conference on 1st of December 2005 in Brussels on the Communicative Government organized by NL-Term together with CEN/ISSS WS-ADNOM) Achievements – Results - Deliverables

  24. Simplified example on names of government ministries and agencies in Austria, France, and Germany linked to the different scopes and responsibilities of these administrative units as far as pension schemes are concerned The asymmetries are presented by a visualization of the conceptual map as implemented in a Topic Map linking the data described above It includes the meta-data level using the COFOG classification (incl. the terms in 16 languages for “economic affairs” In the framework of the “ADNOM Seamless Knowledge Core model” for organizing conceptual hierarchies A concrete example of mapping multilingual administrative nomenclatures

  25. Terminological Semantics

  26. The semiotic triangle is a basic semantic model in philosophy of language and semiotics: concept object sign Signs (linguistic signs, such as terms) refer to objects (e.g. objects of investigation) by conceptualizations Note: the arrows point in two directions (onomasiological and semasiological reference, ontological reference) Basic model: the Semiotic triangle cognition communication reality

  27. Focus on Conceptual content of domain texts and domain terms Semiotic assignments between concepts and terms Conceptual relations between terms Disambiguation, conceptual change, synonymy, polysemy, cultural diversity (equivalence), vagueness Reference to objects of investigation Methods Conceptual logic, prototypes, various semantic theories Definitions as explicit meaning statements Semantic components (conceptual characteristics) are made explicit, text semantics, semantic features Referential statements on objects Documentation (terminography), prescription (standards) Specific aspects of terminological semantics

  28. Semantic coherence in semantic systems, semantic reference Primary functions include cognition (concept formation) and categorization (classifying objects into concept classes) as well as semiosis (assigning signs to concepts and concept classes) and representation Secondary functions include systematic achievements in discourse such as precision and consistency in naming Tertiary functions include translation, data exchange, technical communication, harmonization of terminologies, etc. The arrows that go across all three functional levels signify the fact that semantic continuity and semantic interoperability depend on the fulfillment of multiple functions, in particular on the primary and secondary levels. A functional-systemic model of terminological semantics

  29. A poly-functional terminology model Intercultural knowledge transfer, corporate Information Management, unambiguous communication, conceptual comparison of cultures Consistency, Continuity, Precision, Understanding Cognition, Categorization Semiosis, Representation Terminology Organization, Nomination Primary Functions Distinction, Recognition Secondary Functions Learning and searching aids, Interoperability, Data exchange Information, argumentation, knowledge sharing Tertiary Functions

  30. Due to the hypothetical, constructive nature of scientific knowledge, terminological reference is the process of constructing meaning hypotheses This does not require the proof of existence of an object referred to Terminological reference in social sciences and humanities typically includes both the postulation of existence of a certain object plus its conceptualization in a specific categorial schema, i.e. a particular theory The theory is used as a categorial schema that allows the researcher to position objects or rather their linguistic representations in this schema Terminological reference

  31. The following models are examples of formal models that are created as instruments for managing semantic information and semantic structures and their representation forms Semantic annotation has become a powerful tool for enriching the explanatory power of formal semantic models Modeling tools in ISO TC 37: ISO 11179 framework UML W3C standards/recommendations – XML, RDF(S), OWL, <<SKOS>> Conceptual modeling approaches, KR languages, etc. Formal models of terminological semantics and of semantic interoperability

  32. Terminology Markup Framework (ISO 16642) – meta-model – structural skeleton

  33. Lexical Markup Framework

  34. LMF models consist of UML classes, associations among the classes, and a set of ISO 12620 data categories that function as attribute-value pairs. The data categories are used to adorn the UML diagrams that provide a high level view of the model. LMF specifications, textual descriptions that describe the semantics of the modeling elements, provide more complete information about classes, relationships, and extensions than can be included in UML diagrams. LMF modeling approach

  35. Semantic Interoperability Framework

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