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Friendship Development

Friendship Development. KNR 253. SK Opinion…. One of the most important things we can do One of the most critical areas of Leisure Education Perhaps even more important than Leisure Awareness, Leisure Resources, & Leisure Activity Skills Not programmed as much as the other areas.

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Friendship Development

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  1. Friendship Development KNR 253

  2. SK Opinion… • One of the most important things we can do • One of the most critical areas of Leisure Education • Perhaps even more important than Leisure Awareness, Leisure Resources, & Leisure Activity Skills • Not programmed as much as the other areas

  3. Social Interaction Skills(Leisure Ability Model: Stumbo & Peterson, 2009) • Communication skills • Relationship-building skills • Self-presentation skills

  4. Communication Skills: Skills that enable someone to communicate with others (p. 51) • Assertiveness skills • Negotiation, disagreement, conflict, & compromise skills • Conversation skills • Introducing self & others • Asking questions • Responding

  5. Communication Skills: Skills that enable someone to communicate with others (p. 51) • Active listening skills & responsive behavior • Receptive skills • Reading body language • Expressing feelings & thoughts • Information-seeking & information-giving skills • Empathy & perspective-taking skills

  6. Self-Presentation Skills: Social etiquette rules(p. 52) • Politeness, etiquette, manners, taking turns, sharing, etc. • Hygiene, health, & grooming skills • Appropriate attire & dressing • Responsibility for self care

  7. Relationship-Building Skills: Assist people in locating, maintaining, & developing friendships & other relationships (p. 51-52) • Greeting & initiating…locating leisure partners • Friendship development skills • Self-disclosure & privacy issues • Cooperative & competitive skills • Negotiation & compromise skills • Developing & maintaining social networks • Reciprocal social support • Expressing care & concern for others

  8. Facilitating Friendships 2006 National Institute on Recreation Inclusion Sandra Klitzing, Ph.D., CTRS

  9. Friendships in General • ABC’s of Friendship • What is a friend? • Someone who...

  10. Friendships in General: Definition • Mutual involvement between 2 people that is characterized by affection, satisfaction, enjoyment, openness, respect, and a sense of feeling important to the other. • Lawhon, 1997

  11. Does 1 size of friendship fit all?

  12. Does 1 size of friendship fit all? • Age • Gender • Ethnicity

  13. Circle of Friends • Best friends • Good friends • Acquaintances you play with • People who are paid to be in your life

  14. Friendships and People with Disabilities

  15. Suggestions for Friendship Development: Program Ideas • Children • Work with parents to arrange play dates • Help select peers with similar interests • Use staff to facilitate play dates at home of child with disability • Koegel et al., 2005

  16. Suggestions for Friendship Development: Program Ideas • Teens • Include teens with disabilities in existing teen recreation programs • Collaborate with general recreators or educators to design inclusive teen programs • Design programs that facilitate reverse inclusion

  17. Suggestions for Friendship Development: Program Ideas • Friendship program • How to build friendships • How to maintain friendships • Why friendships end • What you can do to reconnect

  18. Suggestions for Friendship Development: Special Events • International Friendship Day • First Sunday of August • A time to recognize friends

  19. Suggestions for Friendship Development: Activities • Music • Videos • Art • Friendship bracelets • Friendship mobile • Friendship poem

  20. Suggestions for Friendship Development: Facilitation Techniques • Preschool • Turtle technique • Fold arms and use words to say angry • Floor time with adults and peers • Burton & Denham, 1998

  21. Suggestions for Friendship Development: Facilitation Techniques • Children • Peer-support committees • Spencer, 1999 • Prevent adult interference • MAPS • Support clusters (formal & informal support) • Turnbull et al., 2000 • Program directories • Searcy, 1996

  22. Suggestions for Friendship Development: Facilitation Techniques • Be aware of isolation • Design cooperative activities • Divide participants into smaller groups • Provide for a small area of participation • Choose interactive materials & equipment • Serve as connector & reconnector

  23. Suggestions for Friendship Development: Environmental Clues • Bulletin board • Posters • Others????

  24. Facebook: Implications for Therapeutic Recreation Sandra Wolf Klitzing, Ph.D., CTRS ILRTA Central Region Workshop Urbana, IL March 10, 2009

  25. More than 175 million active users worldwide Number 1 social network, followed by Myspace & Twitter Each user spends an average of 25 minutes/day Each user has an average of 150-200 friends

  26. Learning Objectives • Explore social networking / Facebook • Explore implications for TR • Connection • Promotion • Programs • Discuss the importance of social networking on friendships • Identify skills and precautions our participants need to safely use social network sites

  27. Social Networking Defined • A broad class of websites and services that allow you to connect with friends, family, and colleagues online • Interactive communication in which participants share thoughts, photos, etc. with members of their own personal networks

  28. 2004 Started in February Initially only Harvard students Later expanded to any university student 2005 Expanded to high school students 2006 Open to anyone with valid e-mail address Must be 13 years or older Wikipedia, 2008

  29. Facebook Used To… Maintain relationships Update others about activities & whereabouts Share photos Get updates on what friends are doing Coordinate activities “Phatic” communication No real information Hope you are doing fine Dwyer, Hiltz, & Passerini, 2007

  30. Rationale for Programs(Professional) Leisure Ability Model Relationship-building skills Addresses skills that help people develop and maintain friendships Nontraditional leisure skills Computer & internet activities Stumbo & Peterson, 2004

  31. Rationale for Programs(Friendship) What are the benefits of friendship? To you To adolescents and young adults with disabilities What is a social network? Number Function What are the social networks of adolescents or young adults with disabilities like? Impact of inclusive education After graduation

  32. Rationale for Programs(Friendship) “Perhaps more than any other aspect of development, friendships are an expression of a person’s inclusion in the community.” Guralnick, Conner & Hammond, 1995 as quoted inDattilo, 1999

  33. Rationale for Programs(Social Capital)

  34. Rationale for Programs(Social Capital) Maintained social capital Allows people to keep in touch with social networks after changes Graduate, move, life changes Research and Facebook Strong bridging and maintained social capital Weaker bonding social capital Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007

  35. People with Disabilities and Social Networking Removes problems of transportation & physical access Removes communication barriers Decreases isolation Affords communication between people with the same disability Keeps in touch with friends Builds confidence in social aspects due to interaction not being in person

  36. People with Disabilities and Social Networking “I can reveal as much or as little about my cerebral palsy as I choose: although I don’t hide my disability, many times it doesn’t even come up and I can be me without my disability taking center stage. People get to know me based on my words, thoughts, ideas, opinions and wit. They don’t get hung up on their misperceptions or assumptions about what my disability is or isn’t, which allows us to get right to the task or topic at hand.” disaboom

  37. Senior Friendships: What Can We Learn From the Red Hat Society®? Midwest Symposium on Therapeutic Recreation and Adapted Physical Education Lake Geneva, WI April 28, 2008

  38. Rationale for Presentation • Leisure Ability Model • Relationship-building skills • Addresses skills that help people develop and maintain friendships • Healthy relationships contribute to quality of life • Stumbo & Peterson, 2004

  39. Rationale for Presentation • Number of people who are older • 35 million over 65 years • US Census, 2000 • 137% increase by 2050 • Baby boomers • US Census, 2001 • Increase in TR jobs working with seniors • Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2007

  40. What Is a Friend? • Are the benefits of friendship similar for seniors? • Are the effects of loss similar for seniors?

  41. Physical health Immune system Cardiovascular Mental health Social health Companionship Social support Life satisfaction Optimism Maintain identity Decrease loneliness Increase feelings of usefulness Provides socialization into old age Helps adjust to losses And more… Benefits of Senior Friendships

  42. Benefits of Senior Friendships • Friendship identity is strongest predictor of well-being • Even if family is largest percentage of social support network • Why??? • Siebert, Mutran, Reitzes, 1999

  43. If no friends… • Women are more vulnerable to loneliness • More likely to withdraw • Martina & Stevens, 2006 • Women are more depressed • Importance of same-sex BFF • Antonucci, Lansford, & Akiyama, 2001 • Friendlessness is a risk factor for disease and death • Frazier, 2007; Siebert, Mutran, & Reitzes, 1999

  44. Red Hat Society®

  45. Started 1998 Warning Jenny Joseph Now a huge “disorganization” Women over 50 Red Hat Society®

  46. Red Hat Society® • Mission: • Use age as license to be silly and build relationships with women • Yarnal, Kerstetter, Chick, & Hutchinson, 2005 • Say goodbye to burdens, responsibilities & obligations for awhile • Gain higher visibility for women in age group & reshape how they are viewed in today’s culture • www.redhatsociety.com/

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