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Medical Discoveries

Medical Discoveries. Laura C., Mercette O., William P. Prior to the Scientific Revolution. Hippocrates (460-377 BCE ): 1 Important ancient figure in medical history One of his longest standing contributions is the Four Humours. 2 [Mercette]

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Medical Discoveries

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  1. Medical Discoveries Laura C., Mercette O., William P.

  2. Prior to the Scientific Revolution Hippocrates (460-377BCE):1 • Important ancient figure in medical history • One of his longest standing contributions is the Four Humours.2 [Mercette] 1.Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997) 55 2.Ibid, 57

  3. Prior to the Scientific Revolution Galen: Knowledge of human internal anatomy comes mainly from dissecting and vivisecting various animals.3 • Places liver at the center of the digestive system, where it mixes nutrients with blood pumped by the heart.4 Supports and expands the four humour system, so that people have various amounts of each humor and different sources for health and ill health.5 [Mercette] 3. Vivian Nutton, Ancient Medicine (London: Routledge, 2004), 231http://www.questiaschool.com/read/107508452/ancient-medicine 4.Ibid, 233 5. Ibid, 234

  4. Galen and His Anatomical Theory

  5. Robert Hooke • Lived 1635-1703 • Contributed to nearly all fields of science • Notable for his microscopes • Discovered and coined the word “cells”1 1. Waggoner, Ben, “Robert Hooke (1635-1703),”UCMP, 2001, …..http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html

  6. Robert Hooke • Published his discoveries in biology in his book, Micrographia • Discovered cells by looking at a slice of cork2 • Proposed (correctly) that fossils were biological material turned into stone. • He also confirmed Leeuwenhoek’s discoveries3 2. “Robert Hooke”, Westminster School, 2007, http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/robert_hooke.htm 3. Waggoner, Ben, “Robert Hooke (1635-1703),”UCMP, 2001, …..http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html

  7. Antony van Leeuwenhoek • Dutch scientist, lived from 1632 - 1723 • His father was a basket maker and he was a fabric merchant. • He later learned how to grind lenses and made his own microscopes • He made 500 microcopes in his lifetime.4 4.Waggoner, Ben, “Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723),” UCMP, 1996, …..http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html

  8. Leeuwenhoek cont. • He improved on microscope design by using better ground lenses. • Early microscopes magnified 20-30x, his could magnify 200x and had clearer images.5 • Discovered bacteria, protists, sperm cells, blood cells, and much more.6 5. Ibid 6. Pedrotti, Peter, “Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek”, 2011, http://www.vanleeuwenhoek.com/

  9. Leeuwenhoek cont. • Made significant discoveries by observing pond water • He saw protists, algae, and bacteria in the pond water and was the first to do so • Discovered bacteria, called them “animacules”7 • Never published any articles, but wrote many letters to scientific societies8 7. Ibid 8. Waggoner, Ben, “Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723),” UCMP, 1996, http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html

  10. Andreas Vesalius • 1514-1564 • Born in Brussels Belgium to family of physicians.1 • Attended the University of Paris, where he originally supported the theories of Galen of Pergamon, a 2nd century Turkish anatomist.2 • Later worked as a professor at the University of Padua, where he was able to reform the study of anatomy.3 1..“Andreas Vesalius,” Famous Scienctists, 2. “Comparative Anatomy: Andreas Vesalius”, Understanding Evolution, 3. Ibid http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_02

  11. Vesalius’ Discoveries at Padua • Began dissecting human corpses as a professor.(2)1 • Realized that due to Roman law, Galen never dissected a human corpse, and therefore had many incorrect theories.(2) 2 • Galen had claimed that the human breastbone was composed of seven segments. Through dissections, Vesalius realized that it was actually only composed of three.(3)3 1. “Andreas Vesalius: De corporisman hui fabrica libri septem,” 2. Ibid 3. “Comparative Anatomy: Andreas Vesalius”, Understanding Evolution,

  12. Vesalius’ Reformations of Anatomy • Insisted students dissect themselves, and not just study textbooks.(1)1 • Advanced the use of the operating table.(1)2 • Changed the organization of the medical classroom.(4)3 • Anatomists began to trust own discoveries.(3)4 1. Weisstein, “Vesalius 1514-1564”, 2. Ibid 3. “Andreas Vesalius,” Famous Scientists 4.“Comparative Anatomy: Andreas Vesalius

  13. De Humani Corporis Fabrica • First anatomically correct textbook published in 1543.1 • Proved similarities between humans and animals, ideas later used by Darwin2 • Also influenced anatomically correct art of the Renaissance.3 • In 1544, Vesalius became the court physician to Charles V and later Philip II of Spain.4. 1. Weisstein, “Vesalius 1514-1564 2.Comparative Anatomy: Andreas Vesalius 3.Andreas Vesalius,” Famous Scientists 4. Weisstein, “Vesalius 1514-1564

  14. Hieronymus Fabricius (1533-1619) Adds depth to Vesalius’ observations by assessing the functions of organs through comparative anatomy. • De venarum ostiolis (trans. On the Valves of the Veins) investigates the reason for valves in the circulatory system, Fabricius believes it ensures equal distribution of blood throughout the body.6 • Discovers the placenta and writes of its importance in De Formato Foetu (trans. On the Formation of the Fetus) after comparing human and animal fetal development. • Describes the role of the larynx in speech.7 [Mercette] 6. Ibid, 190-91. 7. Aakanksha Gaur.”Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente,” britannica.com. Last modified June 20, 2013, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/199809/Hieronymus-Fabricius-ab-Aquapendente

  15. Fabricius and His Observations

  16. William Harvey (1578-1657) Publishes the first correct models of the heart and circulatory system in Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus.8 • This draws upon the work of his teacher, Fabricius,9 as well as that of many other physicians, all the way back to Galen.10 • He realizes that the set amount of blood in the body can be pumped by the heart in thirty minutes, so the heart can’t be constantly be making blood.11 • He also uses dissections and experiments (next slide) to demonstrate his point. [Mercette] 8. Porter, Benefit Mankind, 212 9.Ibid, 183 10. Ibid, 213 11. Christopher Baker, Absolutism and the Scientific Revolution, 1600-1720: A Biographical Dictionary, ( Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002), 163, http://www.questiaschool.com/read/106973703/absolutism-and-the-scientific-revolution-1600-1720

  17. Harvey’s Experiment • Harvey is noteworthy because his conclusions on blood circulation demonstrate scientific experimentation. • This simple experiment shows unidirectional blood flow in veins, which ensures that blood will always circulate back to the heart.12 [Mercette] 12. Porter, Benefit Mankind, 215

  18. Harvey’s Conclusions Harvey’s model (above) is the correct representation of blood circulation through the heart and major blood vessels. It replaces Galen’s model (right).13 [Mercette] 13.Ibid 214

  19. Pharmacology: Divergent Practices 1. Organic plant based cures for disease. • Popular in the Middle Ages as a basic familial skill. • Renaissance causes a reevaluation of methods based around original Galenic texts.14 • Exploration and the New world provide hundreds remedies. • Physicians work to catalogue all of the new discoveries.15 [Mercette] 14.Porter, Benefit Mankind,190-91. 15. Ibid,192

  20. Pharmacology: Divergent Practices 2. Inorganic Applies chemistry. • Largely driven by Paracelsus (1493-1542)16 and his belief that minerals and metals surpassed herbs.17 • Also discredited theory of humours, instead suggesting that illness occurred locally in individual organs.18 • Paracelsus still took a radically religious approach, which many after him sought to reconcile with more traditional scientific practice.19 • Later scientists use combinations of chemicals, herbs, and various animal organs as complex remedies, recording them in pharmacopoeias.20 [Mercette] 16. Ibid, 201 17. Ibid, 203 18. Allen G. Debus, “Paracelsus and the Medical Revolution of the Renaissance,” nlm.nih.gov, Last modified July 29, 2013, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/paracelsus/chemistry.html 19. Gerhild Scholz Williams and Charles D. Gunnoe Jr.,Paracelsian Moments: Science, Medicine and Astrology in Early Modern Europe (Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 2002), http://www.questiaschool.com/read/118833843/paracelsian-moments-science-medicine-and-astrology 20. Porter, Benefit Mankind,206

  21. Impacts • Shift toward scientific approach to medicine.1 • No longer using superstitions to cure diseases.2 • Observations that both sinners and saints got sick.3 • Emergence of disease through observations of common symptoms, instead of case by case perspective4 1.Martyn Shuttleworth, “Renaissance Medicine”, 2. Ibid 3. Public Health History Timeline”, Southeast Public Health Training Center, 4. Ibid

  22. Impacts • Transmission of knowledge from the Middle Eastern Muslim countries during the crusades.1 • Explorations of the New World and Asia brought back new medicines, such as the Quinine bark and Laudanum, a form of opium.2 • The rise of mercantilism led to the increased value of a healthy and productive society.3 1.Martyn Shuttleworth, “Renaissance Medicine”, 2. Ibid 3. Public Health History Timeline”, Southeast Public Health Training Center

  23. Impacts • John Graunt collected qualitative data to understand the health status of England.1 • From this data, he studied the predictability of mortality from certain diseases.2 • Developed the first “Life Table”. 3 • Known as the “Father of Statistics”.4 1.Public Health History Timeline”, Southeast Public Health Training Center 2. Ibid 3. Ibid 4. Ibid

  24. Bibliography “Andreas Vesalius: De corporisman hui fabrica libri septem,” Historical Anatomies on the ……..Web, Oct 11, 2013. ……..http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/vesalius_home.html “Andreas Vesalius,” Famous Scientists, Oct. 25, 2013. ……..http://www.famousscientists.org/andreas-vesalius/ Baker, Christopher. Absolutism and the Scientific Revolution, 1600-1720: A Biographical Dictionary. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002. http://www.questiaschool.com/read/106973703/absolutism-and-the-scientific-revolution-1600-1720 “Comparative Anatomy: Andreas Vesalius”, Understanding Evolution, Oct. 25, ……..2013.http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_02 Debus, Allen G. “Paracelsus and the Medical Revolution of the Renaissance,” nlm.nih.gov, Last modified July 29, 2013, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/paracelsus/chemistry.html Eric W. Weisstein, “Vesalius 1514-1564”, Wolfram Research, Oct. 11, 2013. ……..http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Vesalius.html Gaur, Aakanksha. ”Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente.” britannica.com. Last modified June 20, 2013 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/199809/Hieronymus-Fabricius-ab-Aquapendente

  25. Bibliography cont. Martyn Shuttleworth, “Renaissance Medicine”, Explorable. Oct 27, 2013 ……..http://explorable.com/renaissance-medicine Nutton, Vivian. Ancient Medicine. London: Routledge, 2004. http://www.questiaschool.com/read/107508452/ancient-medicine Pedrotti, Peter, “Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek”, 2011, http://www.vanleeuwenhoek.com/ Porter,Roy. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997. “Public Health History Timeline”, Southeast Public Health Training Center, Oct. 27, ……..2013.http://www.sphtc.org/timeline/timeline.html#a1500 “Robert Hooke”, Westminster School, 2007, http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/robert_hooke.htm Scholz Williams, Gerhild and Gunnoe, Charles D. Jr.Paracelsian Moments: Science, Medicine and Astrology in Early Modern Europe. Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 2002. http://www.questiaschool.com/read/118833843/paracelsian-moments-science-medicine-and-astrology Waggoner, Ben, “Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723),” UCMP, 1996, …..http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html Waggoner, Ben, “Robert Hooke (1635-1703),”UCMP, 2001, …..http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html

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