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The Whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

The Whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Meninges. Protect brain from shock Provide buoyancy. KW2-5. Infection: meningitis. Meninges (sketch). Skull Dura mater (tough mother) Arachnoid layer Subarachnoid space filled with CSF Pia mater (soft mother) Cortex (bark).

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The Whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

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  1. The Whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

  2. Meninges Protect brain from shock Provide buoyancy KW2-5 Infection: meningitis

  3. Meninges (sketch) • Skull • Dura mater (tough mother) • Arachnoid layer • Subarachnoid space filled with CSF • Pia mater (soft mother) • Cortex (bark)

  4. Ventricles Cavities in the brain filled with CSF Hydrocephalus is caused by blockage KW 2-9

  5. CSF Circulation • CSF produced in ventricles • Chorid plexus • CSF circulates thru ventricles and • Meninges • Brain and spinal cord • Spinal tap

  6. Hydrocephalus • Flow of CSF blocked. • CSF builds up in ventricles. • Ventricles expand. • Brain tissue destroyed by pressure. • Must drain CSF

  7. Lobes of the Brain Lateral ventricles KW 1-1

  8. Blood Flow to Cortex Important when determining stroke where flow is blocked or blood vessel ruptures. KW 2-7

  9. Stroke • Blood clot blocks flow. • Hypertension • Artery ruptures. • Hemorrhage. • Loss of blood supply to brain in both cases.

  10. Subdural Hematoma • Blow to skull ruptures vein. • Blood collects under dura. • Displaces brain. • Pressure must be released.

  11. Brainstem KW 2-15

  12. Brains from All Sides KW 2-6

  13. Reticular Formation Brain’s arousal center KW 2-16

  14. Midbrain (Colliculi) Old sensory centers for vision and hearing KW 2-18

  15. Cerebellum Coordination Planning Learning Prediction Fine motor control KW 2-17

  16. Brainstem structures • Reticular Formation • Sleep center • Cerebellum • Vegetative centers for heart rate, breathing, cough reflex, etc • Cranial Nerves • Summary: basic body functions • Essential for life

  17. Thalamus Located in very center of brain. “Inner chamber”

  18. Thalamus and Cortex Thalamus Visual Cortex Eye Thalamus is a Relay Station for the senses

  19. Hypothalamus Location of the Thalamus Below thalamus we find Motivation Regulates pituitary Homeostasis KW2-19

  20. Hypothalamus KW 11-9

  21. Motivation-Hunger • The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

  22. Hypothalamus and Pituitary KW 11-11

  23. Motivation and the Hypothalamus • Homeostasis • tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state • Setpoints for eating and drinking. • Control endocrine system thru pituitary

  24. Basal Ganglia Initiates movements like walking. “Starter Motor” Gross motor control

  25. Basal Ganglia KW 2-23

  26. Diseases of the Basal Ganglia Huntington’s Disease: A genetic disorder Website: www.hdfoundation.org Parkinson’s Disease: Loss of dopamine producing neurons. Website: www.parkinsonaction.org Nancy Wexler Michael J. Fox

  27. Limbic System Emotional Brain KW 2-20

  28. Limbic System • Emotional Brain • Negative emotions like fear and anger • Brain’s “ID” • Animal impulses and reactions • Balanced in humans by cortex KW 11-14

  29. Hippocampus and Amygdala KW 2-24

  30. Experiencing Emotion • The Amygdala- • a neural key to fear learning Hippocampus (purple)

  31. Memory components • Hippocampus: consolidation of new memories • Movie: Memento • Amygdala: emotional memory • Flashbulb memory • Life-changing experiences

  32. Next: Mapping the cortex

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