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Individuals

Individuals. ESC 556 week 4. Indiviudal. Basic unit Individuals vary in their conditions Asexual reproduction. Unitary vs. Modular organisms. Unitary organisms Determined form Form and sequence Modular organisms Units that can produce similar units Sessile Plants – leaves & flowers

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Individuals

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  1. Individuals ESC 556 week 4

  2. Indiviudal • Basic unit • Individuals vary in their conditions • Asexual reproduction

  3. Unitary vs. Modular organisms • Unitary organisms • Determined form • Form and sequence • Modular organisms • Units that can produce similar units • Sessile • Plants – leaves & flowers • Genet • Much greater variation • Time sequences apply to each module • Death results from external factors

  4. Ecological Physiology • Internal adjustments to external changes • Resist/tolerate • Regulation & Adaptation • Migration • A lot of different environments • Homeostasis – sea to freshwater & land • Conformation & regulation • Eury vs. steno • Poikilo vs. homoio • Ectotherms vs. endotherms

  5. Resistance and Tolerance • Stress response • Response curve • Individual differences • Tolerance vs. resistance • Deserts, arctic/antarctic, wavy shores

  6. DESERTS • Low densities of life and biodiversity • Dry / daily temperature fluctuations • Conserve water and control temperature • Xerophytes • Seeds at dry periods • Allelopathy • Animals – small & active at night • Snakes & Lizards • Metabolic water • Insulation • Tolerant of dehydration and body temperature fluctuations

  7. adaptation • Evolutionary changes over time • Survive competition & complex environmental variables • Long vs. short term adaptation (acclimatization)

  8. METABOLIC rate • Amount of energy used per unit time • Growth, reproduction, body maintenance, locomotion • Metabolic rates vary • Basal metabolic rate vs. daily energy expenditure • Life style and body size • Ectotherms – poikilothermic • Endotherms – homoiothermic • 25-30 X

  9. METABOLIC rate • Body size • Large organisms • Relative to their body mass

  10. METABOLIC rate • Ectotherm strategy – Low energy system • Low resting metabolic rate, torpor, serpentine shapes • Very abundant and diverse • Endotherms – High energy system • Independent of environmental conditions • Foraging at night, inhabiting high latitudes • Lower production efficiency • Assimilation efficiency • 20-90% • Respiration, growth & reproduction • Growth & reproduction efficiency

  11. Locomotion • Inertia & drag • Reynolds number • Aquatic organisms • Locomotory activity • Reduction in sinking rates – spines/body extensions

  12. behaviour • Survive and reproduce • obtain food, avoid predation, find mates & resources • Respond by growth (plants) or locomotion (animals) • Energetic consequences and requirements

  13. Sedentary or mobile • Sessile organisms • Low energy but risky • Protective mechanisms • Tolerating environmental conditions or stable habitat selection • Food capture indirect • Sexual reproduction difficult • Dispersal at any life stage • Mobile organisms • Escape mechanisms • Taxic behaviour & dispersal • Food search • Sexual reproduction easier • Dispersal at any life stage

  14. Behavioral mechanisms • Response to biotic and abiotic stimuli • Growth – sexual reproduction • Costs and benefits • Plants • No nervous system – chemical coordination • Tropisms • Phototropism, geotropisms • Nasties • Non-directional movements of part of a plant

  15. dIspersal and migration • Passive vs. active dispersal • Individual activities  population level consequences • Seasonal, diurnal or tidal cycles effects • Migration: movement of groups of individuals • Key points • Minimize intraspecific competition • Colonize new niches • Response to variation in conditions and resources

  16. Avoidance and dispersal • Avoid competition between future generations and parents • Adverse conditions, resource limitations, competition • Spatial avoidance • Temporal avoidance • Diapause • Hibernation • Aestivation • Migration

  17. Behavioral mechanisms • Animals • Nervous system • Chemical responses • Innate behaviours • Genetically-based – taxes, kineses & instinctive behaviour • Learned behaviour – habituation & conditioning • Imprinting • Feeding behaviour • Social behaviour – e.g. altruism

  18. Reproduction • Genetic material transfer from parental generation to progeny • Asexual • Single parent • Mitosis - Clones • Mutation • Types • Fission • Sporulation • Budding • Fragmentation • Vegetative propagation

  19. mitosis

  20. reproduction • Sexual Reproduction • Two parents • Fusion of haploid gametes • Energetically costly • Broadcast fertilization • Meiosis • Recombination • Advantages • Variation • Sperm & ova vs. + & - • Dioecious • Hermaphrodites • Parthenogenesis

  21. Life Cycles and Life history strategy • Zygote of one generation to the next • Alternation of generations • Sporophyte and gametophyte generations

  22. Life Cycles and Life history strategy • Cyclic polymorphism

  23. Life Cycles and Life history strategy • Parasite life cycles

  24. Life Cycles and Life history strategy • Life history • Growth, differentiation, reproduction • Abiotic and biotic interactions • Evolutionary processes • Plasticity • Size • Growth & Development Rates • Reproduction • Storage mechanisms • Dormancy

  25. Size • Species, individuals, life stages • Advantages of increased size • Higher competitive ability  reproductive success • Increase success as a predator • Decrease predation risk • Reduced surface:volume ratio • Better homeostatic control • Bergmans’s rule • Disadvantages of increased size • Preferred food items • Greater energy requirement

  26. Growth and Development Rates • Development: differentiation of morphological and physiological processes • Development vs. growth • Different rates and strategies of development • Early • Arrested

  27. Reproduction • Diverse strategies

  28. reproduction • Iteroparous vs. semelparous reproduction • Method of fertilization & parental care • Broadcast fertilization • Copulation

  29. Storage Mechanisms • Irregular supply of resources • Accumulation during abundance • Fats, starch, glucose • Food stores

  30. Dormancy • Periods of adversity • Minimal metabolic activity • Facultative vs. obligate • Forms • Resting spores or buds • Diapause • Hibernation • Aestivation • Resistant external coat • Synchorinization • Predictive vs. consequential strategies

  31. Feeding strategies and mechanisms

  32. Feeding strategies and mechanisms • Photoautotrophs • Light • Nutrients • Water • Carbon Dioxide • Terrestrial plants • Water & Nutrients • Aquatic plankton • Light & Nutrients • Insectivorous plants & nitrogen fixing nodules (legumes) • Photoheterotrophs

  33. Feeding strategies and mechanisms • Heterotrophs • Holozoic • Symbiotic • Parasitic • Feeder types • Microphagous • Macrophagous • Fluid feeders • Saprophytes

  34. Holozoic nutrition

  35. Symbiotic nutrition • Mutualism • Corals • Ruminant mammals • Commensalism

  36. ParasitiC Nutrition • Ectoparasites & Endoparasites • Obligate vs. facultative

  37. MicrophagousFeeders • Pseudopodia & food vacuoles • Cilia • Filter feeders • Setose/ciliary mechanisms

  38. MacrophagousFeeders • Scraping & boring • Tentacular • Whole ingestion • Biting and chewing • Detritus

  39. Fluid feeders • Sucking – proboscis • Piercing & sucking

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