Bell Ringer:

1. Bell Ringer: • Based on what you already know about the influences of Geography on people and the development of civilizations, be prepared to discuss how the following geographic features influence civilizations: • Rivers • Fertile Land • Mountains

2. Classical Greece Chapter 5

3. Culturesof theMountains and the Sea Section 1 p. 111-114

5. Geography Shapes Greek Life • Greece is mountainous peninsula in the Mediterranean • 1400 Islands in the Aegean and Ionian Seas • The Greeks had also annexed islands off the west coast of Anatolia

6. Rugged mountains prevented unity

7. The Sea • The Greeks rarely traveled more than 85 miles from the coastline • Important trade routes were the Aegean, Ionian, and Black Seas • Sea travel and trade were important because Greece lacked natural resources

8. The Greek World

9. The Land • 3/4th of Greece is covered with mountains • This made unification of Greece difficult • Greece developed small, independent communities (city-states)

10. The Land • Uneven terrain made land travel difficult • Sparta was only 60 miles from Olympia, but travel there took seven days.

11. The Land • Only 20 % of the land was arable – suitable for farming • Without large-scale agriculture, Greece was never able to support a large population.

12. The Land • The Greek diet was based on staple crops like grains, grapes, and olives • The desire for more living space and land for grazing animals led the Greeks to seek sites for colonies

13. The Climate • Temperatures ranges from 48º in the winter to 80º in the summer • The climate supported an outdoor life for the Greeks • Men spent time at outdoor public events and met to discuss politics, news and civic life

15. Exit Ticket • Write a paragraph (at least 5 Sentences) answering the following question: • How did the geographic characteristics of Greece influence that civilization?

16. Mycenaean Civilization Develops • They were a group of Indo-European migrants • They settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 BC • Their name came from their leading city, Mycenae

18. Mycenae • Built on a steep rocky ridge • 20 ft thick fortified walls • Mycenaean warrior-kings controlled the area from towns like Tiryns and Athens • 1600-1200 BC

19. Culture and Trade • While their nobles led a life of splendor, most people worked as farmers. Others were weavers, goat herders, or stonemasons

20. Invasion of Crete • Mycenaean warrior-kings invaded Crete • Minoan culture had thrived there for over 600 years • Mycenaeans preserved some elements of Minoan culture • They adapted the Minoan writing system to the Greek language

21. Mycenaean Vases with Minoan Designs

22. Greek Culture • Minoan legends formed the core of Greek religious practice, art, politics, and literature • Western civilization has roots in early Greek civilizations

23. The Trojan War • Fought between Mycenaeans (Greeks) and Trojans • Lasted ten years • Legend says the war started because a Trojan name Paris had kidnapped Helen, the beautiful wife of a Greek king

24. The Judgment of Paris

25. "Beware of Greeks bearing gifts"

26. Heinrich Schliemann • German archaeologist • Northwestern Turkey 1870 • Found the remains of a nine layers of city life • One of the layers suggested that the stories of the Trojan war may have been based on real cities, people, and events

27. Golden Mask of Agamemnon (?) • Found at Mycenae by Heinrich Schliemann in 1873

28. Manfred Korfmann • German historian • Found a cemetery near the site of ancient Troy • He believed the war was fought over control of a crucial waterway in the Aegean Sea

29. Issue: Control of trade routes

31. Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians • Mycenae collapsed after the Trojan War • Sea raiders attacked and burned Mycenae around 1200 BC • The Dorians moved into the war-torn countryside

32. The Dorians • Less advanced than the Mycenaean Greeks • The economy collapsed • Trade came to a standstill

33. The “Dark Age” of Ancient Greece • Greeks appear to have lost the art of writing during the Dorian Age • 400 year period with no written records • 1150 BC to 750 BC • Without written records, little is known about this period of decline

34. Epics of Homer • Stories passed down by oral tradition • Blind storyteller • The Iliad – about the Trojan War • The Odyssey – about the return home of Odysseus after the war

35. The Iliad • Greek hero - Achilles • Trojan hero – Hector

36. Aretē • The Greek ideal of virtue and excellence • Could be displayed on the battlefield or in athletic events

37. The Odyssey • Odysseus uses his wits and trickery to defeat the Trojans

39. Penelope Weaves a Tapestry

40. Greeks Create Myths • Traditional stories about their gods • Used to explain the mysteries of nature and the power of human passions • Greek gods display human qualities

41. Greek Gods • They are jealous, they love and hate • They are immortal • Chief god = Zeus • Hera, his wife is often jealous of his relationships with other women • Athena (goddess of wisdom) = daughter and favorite child of Zeus

42. Olympus in winter

43. Zeus • In Greek mythology Zeus is the "Father of Gods and men", who ruled the Olympians of Mount Olympus as a father ruled the family; he was the god of sky and thunder in Greek mythology.

44. Athens • Athena was thought to be the guardian of cities • Athens was built in her honor

45. Photo of Athens

46. Warring City-States Section 2 p. 115-119

47. Rule and Order in Greek City-States • The polis was the fundamental political unit in ancient Greece • Most city-states controlled between 50 and 500 square miles of land • Often fewer than 20,000 residents

48. The Agora • The Agora is the public center of a city-state

49. The Acropolis • The highest point in elevation in a Greek city-state • Male citizens gathered at the agora or the acropolis to conduct business • Acro = High • Polis = City

50. The Acropolis at Athens