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Extensive Cryptic Diversity in Indo-Australian Rainbowfishes Revealed by DNA Barcoding

Extensive Cryptic Diversity in Indo-Australian Rainbowfishes Revealed by DNA Barcoding. Kadarusman ❊ § , Hubert N § , Hadiaty R.K # , Sudarto ‡ , Paradis E § ., Pouyaud L §. ❊ Akademi Perikanan Sorong, Papua Barat, Indonesia § Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France

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Extensive Cryptic Diversity in Indo-Australian Rainbowfishes Revealed by DNA Barcoding

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  1. Extensive Cryptic Diversity in Indo-Australian Rainbowfishes Revealed by DNA Barcoding Kadarusman❊ §, Hubert N§, Hadiaty R.K#, Sudarto‡, Paradis E §., Pouyaud L §. ❊ Akademi Perikanan Sorong, Papua Barat, Indonesia § Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France # Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) ‡ Badan penelitian dan Pengembangan Kelautan dan Perikanan

  2. (61) (15) Interest for Rainbowfish Pearl for aquarium trade • Rainbowfish = suborder Melanotaenioidei (129species) • Distribution : Madagascar, Sulawesi, Indo-australian • Great diversity morphology (form & Coloration) • Robust & Easy to reproduce Diversity & Systematic confusion • Melanotaeniidae: 7 genera, 76 species-subspecies • West Papuan Rainbowfish diversity underestimated • Incomplete diagnose • Need revision systematic (biometric & molecular) Threats on Papuan Melanotaeniids • Over-catch • Degradation of habitat • Introduction Invasive species (5 species) • Threatened species: Papua (9), Vogelkop (7) 50,000 years ago 30,000 years ago

  3. Objectives • DNA-barcoding to unravel species diversity in New Guinea (centre of biodiversity); • Incorporating COI data with multiple locus in an ongoing works on systematic and • biogeography for conservation purposes.

  4. Study area and sampling localities 105 Localities 4 Genera 53 Nominal Species Vogelkop Iriatherina New Guinea 35 IRG specimens Glossolepis Port Moresby Cape York Chilatherina Melanotaenia

  5. 1. validate 2. define Phylogenetic Species Diagnostic morphological characters Methods and Analysis Vogelkop Peninsula Expedition 2007-2010 Half Northern New Guinea Rainbowfish Association-IRG Breeding Specimens Commercial sources Genomic DNA Extraction + PCR + Sequencing Deposited: GenBank + BOLD Alignment BOLD module Sequences Divergence: K2P Graphic representation : NJ Tree Datation Geology-based calibration + some published Mitochondrial molecular clock

  6. IA: Main Vogelkop IB: Bomberai III : South NG + Australia II : Kuweri Lengguru IV : North NG mapsof.net Include 9 australian species Results and discussion Highlight four major clades : I: Vogelkop Peninsula • 350 Barcodes (Melanotaeniidae) • 53 species • 4 genera • 15 new lineages (new localities) New Guinea

  7. Mixed COI cluster • 8 species Melanotaenia (e.g M.parva & M.angfa) • 3 species Glossolepis (G.leggetti & M. rubripinnis) • 40 species have non-overlapping cluster Vogelkop New Guinea Australia

  8. Nominal species Cryptic lineages Cryptic lineages detected • 14 Melanotaenia • 1 Chilatherina • Cryptic lineages all endemic Ayamaru Vogelkop peninsula Bomberai Lengguru

  9. Fig. 1. Distribution of the K2P distances 350 individuals 69 species analyzed Genetic divergence and taxonomic levels Mixed conspecific & Congeneric Min. K2P = 0 Genetic Divergence : Congeneric 14x higher than Conspecific Overlap between within and among species K2P distances (closely related species)

  10. Intraspecific divergence Fig. 2. Distribution of the K2P distances to NN Overlap between within species genetic distances and distances to NN (closely related species)

  11. Large scale pattern of genetic divergence Clade IV Clade I Clade II Clade III Include 9 australian species • Min. III vs IV = 10.5% ± 1% • Divergence among clades very similar • Max. I vs II = 13.7% ± 1% • II vs III= same

  12. Relationship among clades Clade IA Clade IV Clade IB Clade II Clade III • Clades IA,IB and II are most diverse • Considered as center of Melanotaeniids diversity

  13. Synthetic cladogram among clades Clade IA Clade IB (lengguru) Clade II Clade III Clade IV Datation • Canonical fish : 0.012/Myr (Panamian • isthmus) + references. • Geological age uplift Lengguru Arch : • 9-12 Myr (divergence among all clades). 11.4 myr 8.8 myr Min.subs R: 27.4 and 21 Myr Canonical ‘fish’: - Estimated : 11.4 and 8.8 Myr - Fixed: 0.012 subst./Myr Can. Verteb. Subs R: 11.4 and 5.3 Myr Uplift Lengguru Arch : - Fixed : 12 and 9 Myr - Estimated: (0.009 and 0.015 subst./Myr

  14. Raja Ampat Is Ayamaru plateau Vogelkop and the role important of Lengguru Arch • Most rugged area covered massif karstic area • Origin first cladogenetic events • Kuweri rainbowfish: a witness of evolution Lengguru Arch

  15. Conclusion • Utility of DNA-barcoding (species recognition & cryptic species) • Vogelkop diversity overlooked: 30 lineages among 15 nominal species • Papua remains less explored ichthyologically, endemism is underestimated • Threatened species: PNG (13), Papua (9) Vogelkop (7), Australia (4) • Promoting domestication trial (IRD & KKP)

  16. Thanks

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