Part iv

1. Part iv Rights & the basis of liberty

2. Rights & the basis of society • Rights • Questions • Rights • The Purpose of Rights • The Natural Rights • Artificial Rights • Rights in Society • Rights against the Government • The State of Nature • The State • Purpose • Real?

3. Rights & the basis of society • The Basis of Political Authority • Authority • The Basis of Authority • The Legitimate Uses of Authority • Obedience • Purpose of the State

4. Thomas Hobbes: Physics &politics • View of Politics • Experience • Conclusions Drawn from Experience • Method • The State of Nature • State of Nature • Egoism

5. The State of men without civil society • Thomas Hobbes • Hobbes’ Purpose • Faculties of Human Nature • Purpose • Society & Coming Together • Other Thinkers • Why Men Come Together • Why Men Meet • Contracting for Society • Motivation to Form Society • Dominion

6. The State of men without civil society • Society, Equality & Fear • The Origin of All Great & Lasting Societies • Equality • Will to Hurt • Combat of Wits • Most Common Cause of the Desire to Hurt • The Right to All Things • The Foundation of Natural Right • Right to Means • Right to All

7. The State of men without civil society • War of All Against All • No right at all • War of all against all • Perpetual War • Not the Best • Getting Fellows • Conquering • The Dictate of the Law of Nature

8. Hobbes’ social contract & sovereign • Natural Laws • Natural Laws • The Laws • The Sovereign • Social Contract • The Contract • The Sovereign • Rights & Morality • Reaction

9. John Locke • Background • Early years & Education • Public Life • Works • The End • Locke’s Political Philosophy • The State • Locke’s Assumptions • Differences From Hobbes State of Nature • The Qualities of Locke’s State of Nature

10. Of Civil GovernmentJohn Locke • The State of Nature & Natural Rights • The State of Nature • Rights to Life, Liberty & Property • Men are God’s Property • Obligation to Preserve Life • Punishment & Power • The Right to Punish • Limits of & Justification of Punishment • Further Justification of Punishment • Injury & Reparation • Right of Punishment & Right of Reparation • Right to Kill Murderers

11. Of Civil GovernmentJohn Locke • The State of War • The State of War Defined • Initiating the State of War • The Right to Destroy • Attempts to Enslave • The Right to Kill a Thief • The State of Nature & The State of War • The Right of Self Defense • Of Property • Common Property & Appropriation • The Basis of Property • Limits of Property • Gold & Silver

12. Of Civil GovernmentJohn Locke • Tyranny • Tyranny Defined • Tyranny Occurs When • Tyranny

13. Obedience & Disobedience • Introduction • Questions • Stanley Milgram’s “Obedience to Authority” • Basis of Obedience • Obedience & Disobedience • Conscience • Specific Situations

14. Socrates & Obedience • Social & Political Philosophy • Distrust of Democracy • Laws • Social Contract Theory • Natural Law Theory

15. Crito • The Issue • The Issue • The First Argument: Benefits • The State Benefited Socrates • Freedom to Leave • Disobedience is Unjust on Three Counts • The Second Argument: Exile • Socrates could have chosen exile • The Third Argument • The Contract Argument

16. Henry davidthoreau • Background • Life • Works • Impact

17. On the duty of civil disobedienceHenry David Thoreau • Government • The Best Government • Government • Less & Better Government • Majority Rule • Conscience • Conscience & Law • Military & Police • Office Holders & Others • Heroes

18. On the duty of civil disobedienceHenry David Thoreau • Revolution & Submission • Revolution • Paley • Assessment of Paley • Voting & Goodness • Goodness & Doing Nothing • Voting • Duty & Action • Duty & Wrongs • Error Supported by Virtue • Opinion & Action • Unjust Laws & Inaction

19. On the duty of civil disobedienceHenry David Thoreau • Resisting Injustice • Punishment • Breaking the Law • Prison • Peaceable Revolution • Property & Protection • Property • Money & Virtue • Protection of the State • Taking Property • Confucius • Refusal of Allegiance

20. On the duty of civil disobedienceHenry David Thoreau • The State & Prison • Jail • The State & Force • Taxes • After Prison • Taxes & Resistance • Taxes • People • Resisting

21. On the duty of civil disobedienceHenry David Thoreau • Progress of the State • Authority • Progress • He Imagines a State

22. Liberty • Introduction • Questions • Liberty • Positive & Negative Liberty • Who/What Determines Liberty? • Liberty & Security • Other Grounds for Limiting Liberty

23. Benito mussolini • Background • Life

24. What is fascismMussolini & gentile • Fascism • Peace • Only War • Life • Fascism & Other Views • Marxism & Fascism • Fascism Denies • Democracy & Fascism • Predictions

25. What is fascismMussolini & gentile • Foundation of Fascism • Fascism • The Fascist State • Empire

26. LibertyJ.S. Mill • Goal & History of Liberty • Mill’s Goal • Liberty & Rulers • Liberty as Limiting Power • History of Limiting Power of Rulers • The Tyranny of the People • The Will of the People • The Tyranny of the Majority

27. LibertyJ.S. Mill • Limits. Rules & Principles • The Limit of Legitimate Interference • The Basis of Rules • No Principle • Mill’s Principle • Rightful Exercise of Power • Limits in Application: Children & Those in Need of Care • Limit in Application: Barbarians

28. LibertyJ.S. Mill • Utility as the Foundation of Liberty • Utility • Punishment • Compelling • Accountability • Sphere of Action & Regions of Liberty • Sphere of Action • 1st Region of Liberty: Inward Domain of consciousness • 2nd Region of Liberty: Tastes & Pursuits • 3rd Region of Liberty: Liberty of Combination

29. LibertyJ.S. Mill • Opposition • Opposes • Ancient Commonwealths • Modern Commonwealths • Tendencies Against Liberty