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Plate 85

Plate 85. Viral Diseases of the Respiratory System. Respiratory System. The respiratory system is responsible for oxygenating the blood and removing waste carbon dioxide from the blood. Respiratory System. Alveoli are the final branches of the “respiratory tree”

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Plate 85

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  1. Plate 85 Viral Diseases of the Respiratory System

  2. Respiratory System The respiratory system is responsible for oxygenating the blood and removing waste carbon dioxide from the blood

  3. Respiratory System Alveoli are the final branches of the “respiratory tree” Allow gases to exchange between the lungs and the blood Tissue between alveoli and capillaries is very thin – allowing for easy gas exchange

  4. Viral Diseases of the Respiratory System Most viral diseases do not directly kill the host organism Rather, the viruses destroy cells within the respiratory system, making them susceptible to bacterial infection Staphylococci Streptococci

  5. Influenza • Human influenza viruses • Type A • Causes seasonal epidemics • Found in ducks, chickens, pigs, whales, horses, and seals • Categorized into subtypes based upon surface proteins • Hemagglutinin(H) • 16 variations • Neuraminidase (N) • 9 variations • Current strains include H1N1 and H3N2 • Type B • Causes seasonal epidemics • Only found in humans • Type C • Causes mild respiratory illness

  6. Novel H1N1 – “Swine Flu” • Caused by “antigenic shift” – a major change in the virus with a new combination of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins • So different from other influenza viruses that most people don’t have immunity to it • Pigs can be infected with human and avian influenza viruses, and they can mix • It’s thought that “Swine Flu” has genes mostly from a human virus, but surface proteins from an avian virus

  7. Peak Months of Influenza Activity

  8. Influenza Symptoms • Fever • Cough • Sore throat • Runny or stuffy nose • Muscle or body aches • Headaches • Fatigue

  9. Influenza Complications • Bacterial pneumonia • Ear infections • Sinus infections

  10. Influenza Vaccinations • CDC recommends “universal” flu vaccinations • Especially the following groups: • Pregnant women • Children younger than 5 • People 50+ years old

  11. Influenza Vaccinations • CDC recommends “universal” flu vaccinations • Especially the following groups: • Pregnant women • Children younger than 5 • People 50+ years old

  12. Influenza Transmission Spread through respiratory droplets Also possible to get by touching a surface that has the virus on it, then touching your eyes, mouth, or nose May be able to infect others 1 day before symptoms appear and 5-7 days after becoming sick

  13. http://www.flu.gov/video/psa/stay_healthy_america.html

  14. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

  15. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) • Caused by a coronavirus (SARS-associated coronavirus) • Coronaviruses have been linked to pneumonia • The virus may survive in the environment for several days

  16. SARS Symptoms • High fever (>100.4⁰ F) • Headache • Discomfort • Body aches • Diarrhea • Pneumonia

  17. SARS Transmission • Spread through respiratory droplets • Spread through touching a contaminated object, then touching your mouth, nose, or eyes • “Close contact” – living with someone with SARS or having direct contact with body fluids from a patient • Incubation period is between 2-7 days, but the disease is only contagious while symptoms are present

  18. Global SARS Outbreak (2003) • Between November 2002 – July 2003 • 8,098 people became infected worldwide • 774 died • 8 people in U.S. were confirmed to have SARS, 0 deaths

  19. Common Cold • More than 200 viruses cause the “common cold” • Rhinoviruses and adenoviruses are the most common

  20. Common Cold - Symptoms • Sneezing • Stuffy or runny nose • Sore throat • Coughing • Mild headache • Mild body aches

  21. Common Cold – Runny Nose • Nose makes clean mucus when infected to wash the virus from the sinuses • Immune cells begin to fight the virus, changing the mucus to a white or yellow color • As bacteria in nose grow back, they may change the mucus to a greenish color

  22. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) • Enveloped RNA virus • Almost all children are infected with RSV by the time they reach 2 years old

  23. RSV Symptoms • Incubation period is 4-6 days • Runny nose • Decrease in appetite • Coughing • Sneezing • Fever • Bronchitis in infants • Full recovery usually occurs in 1-2 weeks

  24. RSV Transmission • Spread through respiratory droplets • Direct and indirect contact with nasal or oral secretions from a patient

  25. Bieber Fever Symptoms • Hyperventilation • Feelings of euphoria • Fainting • Hysteria • Uncontrollably jumping up and down

  26. Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIVs) • Single-stranded RNA viruses • Four types of HPIVs • HPIV-1 causes croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) in children • HPIV-2 also causes croup, but is less often detected • HPIV-3 is associated with bronchiolitis and pneumonia • HPIV-4 is infrequently detected and doesn’t cause severe illness

  27. HPIV Symptoms • Similar symptoms as with the common cold • Runny nose • Fever • Sore throat • “Barking” cough • “Squeaky” inhalation • Hoarse voice

  28. HPIV Transmission • Spread through respiratory droplets • Contact with contaminated objects • 90-100% of 5 year old children have had HPIV-3

  29. HPIV Prevention • The virus is inactivated with soap and water • No vaccine available • HPIV-1 and HPIV-2 antibodies can be transmitted from mother to child through breast feeding

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