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What does the literature say about canal diameters?. Median of maxillary canal diameters 1mm from apex Mx. cent. incisor .34mm Lateral incisor .45mm Canine .31mm Premolar .37mm MB1, MB2 (molar) .19mm DB .22mm Palatal .33mm. Wu et al 2000.
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What does the literature say about canal diameters? Median of maxillary canal diameters 1mm from apex • Mx. cent. incisor .34mm • Lateral incisor .45mm • Canine .31mm • Premolar .37mm • MB1, MB2 (molar) .19mm • DB .22mm • Palatal .33mm Wu et al 2000
What does the literature say about canal diameters? Median of mandibular canal diameters 1mm from apex • Md. central incisor .37mm • Lateral incisor .37mm • Canine .31mm • Premolar .35mm • MB (molar) .40mm • ML .38mm • Distal .46mm Wu et al 2000
Radiographic Terminus – NOT!! Radiographic terminus alters throughout life – cellular cementum deposition Apical foramen
Electric Foramenal Locators In 1962 Sunada determined that the resistance between oral mucosa and periodontal ligament is a constant value 6.5 ohms (40/μAmp) • must turn unit on before attaching probe to unit… “might think in previous tooth” • canals can be wet, but chamber must be dry… no shared fluid between canals • instrument must be free in access opening… no contact with metal
* Anatomic apex PDL, cementum & bone EAL = 0.0 Bleeding point
Working Length • generic knowledge of root lengths • measure radiograph – • advantage of digital images • foramenal locators • USED REPEATEDLY • final WL determined after coronal debridement – lengths change with shaping foramenal locators USED REPEATEDLY