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Copper Cycle

Cody Gray Tracey Johnston Gary Strickland Shawn Zupancic. Copper Cycle. Fertilizers, Manures & Pesticides. Human Consumption. Literature Cited. Animal Uptake. Processing of Copper. Harvest. Plant Uptake. Copper in Soil. Mining. Weathering. Dissolution. Precipitation.

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Copper Cycle

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  1. Cody Gray Tracey Johnston Gary Strickland Shawn Zupancic Copper Cycle Fertilizers, Manures & Pesticides Human Consumption Literature Cited Animal Uptake Processing of Copper Harvest Plant Uptake Copper in Soil Mining

  2. Weathering Dissolution Precipitation Adsorption pH >7 Leaching Release pH < 6 Desorption pH < 6 Complextion pH > 6 Front Page Copper Cycle Info. Mining Plant Uptake Plant Residues Parent Material Soil Microbes Soil Solution: Cu2+ and soluble Cu Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Microbial Residue Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Clay & Organic Matter Organo-metallic Complexes

  3. Home Copper Cycle Mining Plant Uptake Plant Residues Parent Material Weathering Soil Microbes Soil Solution: Cu2+ and soluble Cu Dissolution Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Precipitation Microbial Residue Leaching Adsorption pH >7 Release pH < 6 Desorption pH < 6 Complextion pH > 6 Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Clay & Organic Matter Organo-metallic Complexes

  4. Home Copper Cycle Mining Plant Uptake Plant Residues Parent Material Weathering Soil Microbes Soil Solution: Cu2+ and soluble Cu Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Microbial Residue Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Clay & Organic Matter Organo-metallic Complexes

  5. Home Copper Cycle Mining Plant Uptake Plant Residues Parent Material Soil Microbes Soil Solution: Cu2+ and soluble Cu Dissolution Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Precipitation Microbial Residue Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Clay & Organic Matter Organo-metallic Complexes

  6. Home Copper Cycle Mining Plant Uptake Plant Residues Parent Material Soil Microbes Soil Solution: Cu2+ and soluble Cu Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Microbial Residue Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Clay & Organic Matter Organo-metallic Complexes

  7. Home Copper Cycle Mining Plant Uptake Plant Residues Parent Material Soil Microbes Soil Solution: Cu2+ and soluble Cu Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Microbial Residue Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Clay & Organic Matter Organo-metallic Complexes

  8. Home Copper Cycle Mining Plant Uptake Plant Residues Parent Material Soil Microbes Soil Solution: Cu2+ and soluble Cu Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Microbial Residue Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Clay & Organic Matter Organo-metallic Complexes

  9. Home Info. Copper Cycle Mining Plant Uptake Plant Residues Parent Material Soil Microbes Soil Solution: Cu2+ and soluble Cu Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Microbial Residue Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Clay & Organic Matter Organo-metallic Complexes

  10. Home Copper Cycle Mining Plant Uptake Plant Residues Parent Material Soil Microbes Soil Solution: Cu2+ and soluble Cu Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Microbial Residue Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Clay & Organic Matter Organo-metallic Complexes

  11. Home Copper Cycle Mining Plant Uptake Plant Residues Parent Material Soil Microbes Soil Solution: Cu2+ and soluble Cu Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Microbial Residue Release pH < 6 Complextion pH > 6 Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Clay & Organic Matter Organo-metallic Complexes

  12. Home Copper Cycle Mining Plant Uptake Plant Residues Parent Material Soil Microbes Soil Solution: Cu2+ and soluble Cu Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Microbial Residue Leaching Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Clay & Organic Matter Organo-metallic Complexes

  13. Home Copper Cycle Mining Plant Uptake Plant Residues Parent Material Soil Microbes Soil Solution: Cu2+ and soluble Cu Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Microbial Residue Adsorption pH >7 Desorption pH < 6 Soluble Cu2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Clay & Organic Matter Organo-metallic Complexes

  14. Copper Cycle Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine 0.6 - 1.6 0.1 - 0.3 Liver 8.0 Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day. Tissues 66 0.5 0.5 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Bone Marrow Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Kidney 0.6 Front Page Erythrocuprein 1.3 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Red Blood Cell

  15. Copper Cycle Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine 0.6 - 1.6 0.1 - 0.3 Liver 8.0 Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day. Tissues 66 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Bone Marrow Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Kidney 0.6 Home Erythrocuprein 1.3 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Red Blood Cell

  16. Copper Cycle Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine Liver 8.0 Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day. Tissues 66 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Bone Marrow Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Kidney 0.6 Home Erythrocuprein 1.3 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Red Blood Cell

  17. Copper Cycle Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine Liver 8.0 Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day. Tissues 66 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Bone Marrow Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Kidney 0.6 Home Erythrocuprein 1.3 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Red Blood Cell

  18. Copper Cycle Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine Liver 8.0 Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day. Tissues 66 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Bone Marrow Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Kidney 0.6 Home Erythrocuprein 1.3 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Red Blood Cell

  19. Copper Cycle Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine Liver 8.0 Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day. Tissues 66 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Bone Marrow Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Kidney 0.6 Home Erythrocuprein 1.3 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Red Blood Cell

  20. Copper Cycle Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine 0.6 - 1.6 0.1 - 0.3 Liver 8.0 Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day. Tissues 66 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Bone Marrow Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Kidney 0.6 Home Erythrocuprein 1.3 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Red Blood Cell

  21. Copper Cycle Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine Liver 8.0 Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day. Tissues 66 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Bone Marrow Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Kidney 0.6 Home Erythrocuprein 1.3 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Red Blood Cell

  22. Copper Cycle Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine Liver 8.0 Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day. Tissues 66 0.5 0.5 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Bone Marrow Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Kidney 0.6 Home Erythrocuprein 1.3 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Red Blood Cell

  23. Copper Cycle Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine Liver 8.0 Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day. Tissues 66 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Bone Marrow Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Kidney 0.6 Home Erythrocuprein 1.3 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Red Blood Cell

  24. Copper Cycle Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine Liver 8.0 Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day. Tissues 66 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Bone Marrow Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Kidney 0.6 Home Erythrocuprein 1.3 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Red Blood Cell

  25. Copper Cycle Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine Liver 8.0 Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day. Tissues 66 0.5 0.5 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Bone Marrow Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Kidney 0.6 Home Erythrocuprein 1.3 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Red Blood Cell

  26. Role of Copper in Microbial growth: Used in electron transport. Back

  27. Home Next Copper in the Soil • Form taken up by the plant:Cu2+ • Mobility in the soil:Immobile, pH dependent, forms strong complexes with organic matter, oxides of Fe, Al, Mn, phenolic carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, and clay minerals. Undergoes specific adsorption. Can be isomorphically substituted for Fe or Mn. Cu can leach through the soil profile in humus-poor, acidic peat, or in very acidic mineral soils, such as those around Ni and Cu smelters. Concentrations of natural Cu in soil is 34 t0 55 ppm.

  28. Home Back Copper in the Soil • Interactions with other nutrients: Nitrogen and phosphorus (especially where Cu deficiencies exist), sulfur, iron, zinc, manganese, and molybdenum • Effect of pH on availability: • high pH (> 7.0)Formation of hydrolysis products which adsorb to exchange sites (lower availability), CuOH+ is the primary form. • middle pH (6.9 - 7.0) Predominate form is Cu(OH)20. • low pH (< 6.0) Exchange sites taken up by Al3+ and H+ allowing the Cu2+ form to remain soluble.

  29. Fertilizer sources: Copper sulfate, copper nitrate, copper chelate, copper ammonium phosphate, copper carbonate, animal waste, copper hydroxide, copper acetate, copper oxalate, copper oxychloride, copper polyflavanoids, copper-sulfur frits, copper-glass fusions, chalcanthite, azurite, malachite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, covellite, tenorite, cuprite (Loneragan, 1998) • Pesticide uses: Kopertox, Kocide, Bordeaux mixture, copper sulfate, copper chlorides, cupric hydroxide, copper oxides, miscellaneous other copper sources Home

  30. Copper in Plants Home Next • Form taken up by the plant:Cu2+ • Mobility in the plant: Immobile • Concentration in plants: 2-30 ppm dry weight (Adriano, 1986); 5-20 ppm (Tisdale, 1985) • Role of nutrient in plant growth: Copper can not be replaced by another metal ion in its involvement in enzymes. It is required for synthesis of quinones in chloroplasts, and makes up the electron transporter, plastocyanin in photosystem II.

  31. Back Next Copper in Plants • Deficiency symptoms: Stunted growth, terminal dieback first in young shoots, necrosis of the apical meristem, bleaching of young leaves, impaired lignification of cell wall, impaired pollen formation and fertilization, delayed flowering and maturation, shortened internodes, stem deformation, yellowing, curling of leaves, seed and fruit growth dramatically reduced • Toxicity symptoms: Stunting, reduced shoot vigor, reduced branching, thickening, poorly developed and discolored roots, leaf chlorosis resemble Fe defiencies

  32. Home Back Copper in Plants • Enzymes containing Cu: Superoxide Dismutase (CuZnSOD), Cytochrome oxidase, Ascorbate oxidase, Phenol oxidase, Trysinase, Laccase, Diamine oxidase, Plastocyanine, Amine oxidase, Stellacyanin • Copper tolerance: binding to cell wall, restricted influx through plasma membrane, active efflux, compartmentation in vacuole, chelation at the cell wall-plasma membrane interface, chelation in the cytoplasm

  33. Materials made from Copper The Copper Page Home

  34. Home Copper in Animals Next • Tissue distribution: • highest concentrations liver, kidneys, heart, pigmented part of the eye, and hair or wool • mediumconcentrations pancreas, spleen, muscles, skin and bone • lowest concentrations thyroid, pituitary, and thymus • Transport and tissue utilization: Cu is loosely bound to plasma albumin and is distributed to the tissues and taken up by the bone marrow in red blood cell formation.

  35. Back Copper in Animals Next • Functions: activity of enzymes associated with Fe metabolism, elastin and collagen formation, melanin production, integrity of the central nervous system, red blood cell formation (hematopoiesis), lysyl oxidase, cytochrome c oxidase, ferroxidase, tyrosinase, normal hair and wool pigmentation (polyphenyl oxidase), incorporation of disulfide groups into keratin in wool and hair

  36. Back Copper in Animals Next • Absorption: Absorption is species dependent mainly from the jejunum, duodenum, small intestine, or colon. • Excretion: Bile is the major pathway. Smaller amounts are lost in feces, urine, and sweat. • Deficiency signs: decline in tissue and blood Cu concentration, incoordination, ataxia, bone abnormalities, hair and wool fail to develop normally, cardiovascular lesions and hemorrhages, fetal death

  37. Home Copper in Animals Back • Toxicity: Sheep and calves appear to be more susceptible to Cu toxicity than other species. Observations include hemoglobinuria, jaundice, and tissue necrosis. Toxic to sheep when Cu:Mo ratio >10:1.

  38. Front Page Literature Cited Adriano, D.C. 1986. Trace Elemants in the Terrestrial Environment. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. Agrios, G.N. 1997. Plant Pathology; Fourth Edition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Alloway, G.J. 1995. Heavy Metals in Soils. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY. Brady, N.C. 1990. The Nature and Property of Soils. ManMillan Publishing Co., New York, NY. Cartwright, G.E. and M.M. Wintrobe. 1964. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 14: 224; 15: 94. Committee on Medical and Biological effects of Environmental Pollutants. 1977. Copper. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Hung, J.J. 1984. Effects of pH and other solution parameters on the Activities of Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc Cations in Soil Solutions. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Loneragan, L.F., A.D. Robson, R.D. Graham, eds. 1981. Copper in Soils and Plants. Academic Press, Sydney, Australia. Marschner, Horst. 1986. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Marschner, Horst. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants; Second Edition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Nriago, J.O. 1979. Copper in the Environment, Part 1 and 2. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,, New York, NY. Pond, W.G., D.C. Church, and K.R. Pond. Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding; Fourth Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY.

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