Personality

1. Personality AP Psychology: An Introduction

2. Personality • Personality - A unique pattern of consistent feelings, thoughts, and behaviors that originate within the individual. • Lord of the Rings (example) • RHS award

4. Learning Targets: • By the end of this chapter, I will be able to: • 1. Explain how the different perspectives—psychodynamic, humanistic, trait, and social-cultural—approach the study of personality. • 2. Evaluate the advantages and drawbacks of each theory of personality. • 3. Determine how psychologists assess personality according to the various perspectives.

5. Big Questions? • How do psychologists study personality? • What are the traits that define our differences? • How do biology, psychology, and the environment influence our personality?

6. Group Project: • Sigmund Freud • Alfred Adler • Carl Jung • Albert Bandura • Carl Rogers • B.F. Skinner • Abraham Maslow

7. Which quote do you like best? • Survival of the fittest • Success is a conditioned response • And yes…I’ve already analyzed you • You’ve got to be a little crazy to take this class • I’ve been traumatized, hypnotized, and psychoanalyzed, and all I got was this crummy t-shirt • If Freud analyzed me, he’d be scared • Let’s get PSYCHED!! • Who let Pavlov’s dogs out? • Are you self-actualized?

8. This Week’s Schedule: • Monday - Snow Day! • Tuesday – LS 1 Notes (FREUD) / Activity • Wednesday - LS 2 Notes (JUNG / ADLER / HORNEY) / Jung Activity • Thursday – LS 1&2 QUIZ / LS 3 Notes - Maslow - Activity • Friday – LS 4 Notes - Rogers / Bandura / Rotter / Activity • Monday – LS 5 Notes – Trait Theory - Activity • Tuesday – LS 4/5 Quiz - Midterm Review

9. Exam Information: • We will be finishing our short unit on personality NEXT Monday • Tuesday, will be a midterm review • Your Midterm – 40 m/c from the unit on personality, 60 m/c from chapters 1-6 (no essay) • Exam schedule – • 2nd / 8/9 / 11 Exams are Thursday

10. Lesson One: Objectives • By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: • 1. Identify the Id, Ego, and Superego • 2. Describe how we use Freudian Defense Mechanisms in our daily lives. • 3. Endure Freud’s Psychosexual Stage Theory

11. Freudian Classical Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality • Developed by Sigmund Freud in the late nineteenth century and continued until his death in 1939 • Believed sex was a primary cause of emotional problems and was a critical component of his personality theory • Remains an important influence in Western culture – pop culture

12. Freud’s Three Levels of Awareness • The conscious mind is what you are presently aware of, what you are thinking about right now • The preconscious mind is stored in your memory that you are not presently aware of but can gain access to • The unconscious mindis the part of our mind of which we cannot become aware

13. Freud’s Three-Part Personality Structure Id Ego Superego

15. The Id (The Devil) • Is the original personality, the only part present at birth. • Resides in the unconscious mind • Includes our biological instinctual drives: • Life instincts for survival, reproduction, and pleasure • Death instincts, destructive and aggressive drives detrimental to survival • Operates on a pleasure principle -demands immediate gratification for these drives without the concern for the consequences of this gratification

16. The Ego (The Angel) • Starts developing during the first year or so of life to find realistic and socially-acceptable outlets for the id’s needs • Operates on thereality principle, finding gratification for instinctual drives within the constraints of reality (the norms and laws of society)

17. The Superego (What you finally do) • Represents one’s conscience and idealized standards of behavior in their culture • Operates on a morality principle, threatening to overwhelm us with guilt and shame • To prevent being overcome with anxiety because of trying to satisfy the id and superego demands, the ego uses what Freud called… • Defense mechanisms - processes that distort reality and protect us from anxiety

18. Defense Mechanisms

19. Defense Mechanisms

20. Freud’s Psychosexual Stage Theory • Was developed chiefly from his own childhood memories and from his interactions with his patients. • An erogenous zone is the area of the body where the id’s pleasure-seeking psychic energy is focused during a particular stage of psychosexual development • Fixation occurs when a portion of the id’s pleasure-seeking energy remains in a stage because of excessive gratification or frustration of our instinctual needs.

21. Five Psychosexual Stages Oral Stage (birth – 18 months) Anal Stage (18 months – 3 years) Phallic Stage (3 – 6 years) Latency Stage (6 years – puberty) Genital Stage (puberty – adulthood)

22. Freud’s Psychosocial States of Personality Development

23. Potty Training • Parents try to get the child to have self-control during toilet training • If the child reacts to harsh toilet training by trying to get even with the parents by withholding bowel movements, an anal-retentive personality with the traits of orderliness, neatness, stinginess, and obstinacy develops • The anal-expulsive personality develops when the child rebels against the harsh training and has bowel movements whenever and wherever he desires

24. Identification • In the process of identification, the child adopts the characteristics of the same-sexed parents and learns their gender role (the set of behaviors expected of someone of a particular sex)

25. Phallic Stage Conflicts • In the Oedipus conflict, the little boy becomes sexually attracted to his mother and fears the father (his rival) will find out and castrate him • In the Electra conflict, the little girl is attracted to her father because he has a penis; she wants one and feels inferior without one (penis envy)

26. Evaluation of Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality • So, was Freud right about the Id, Ego, Superego, and defense mechanisms? • First, you’ll need to remember that Freud was practicing in the late 1800’s to the early 1900’s. • Recent research contradicts many of Freud theories. • Freud believed that sexual repression caused vast psychological disorder. • Well….that has been proven to be false on many counts.

27. Neo-Freudian Theories of Personality • Agree with many of Freud’s basic ideas, but differ in one or more important ways Carl Jung’s Collective Unconscious Alfred Adler’s Striving for Superiority Karen Horneyand theNeed for Security

28. Neo-Freudian thoughts • Many of Freud’s followers joined the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. This society, led by Freud, focused on Freud’s view of personality. • Freud disagreed strongly with anyone who challenged his views. • Several members of the group, left to form their own views of personality (schools, associations).

29. Neo-freudian criticisms of Freud’s theory: • 1. Rejected idea that adult personality is completely formed by 5- or 6-years old. • 2. Argued that Freud’s focused too much on biological instincts (ignored social factors.) • 3. Rejected overall negative tone of Freud’s theories.

30. Carl Jung (1875-1961) • Born in Switzerland, the son of a Protestant Minister, Jung was a quiet, introspective child who kept to himself. • Pondered the nature of dreams & visions he experienced. • Jung earned his M.D. degree in 1900 & went on to study schizophrenia, consciousness, & hypnosis. • He became interested in Freud after reading The Interpretation of Dreams.

31. More about Jung • Jung & Freud met in 1907 & became close colleagues. • Jung formally left Freud’s group in 1913. • Jung spent the next 7 years in intense introspection—led to his theory of personality.

32. The Collective Unconscious • There are common themes & experiences that all people in all cultures experience. • Examples: 1. Christianity– God 2. Islam-Allah 3. Hindu – Multiple Gods

33. The collective unconscious is made up of primordial images. • These images called archetypes, are the universal symbolic images of a particular person, object, or experience. • Example: the archetype of mother is in the child’s collective unconscious.

34. Mythology: Common themes across cultures (ancient, recent) • If you look throughout all human history you can identify these following themes: • Hero & heroine (Luke or Leia) • Villain (Darth Vader) • Naïve youth & wise old-sage (Luke and Obi-Wan)

35. Shadow – Our dark side • This is the unconscious part of ourselves that is negative. • Jung argued you couldn’t have good without evil. • This concept is found throughout every culture.

36. Other common archetypes • Mother/Father • God/Devil • Hero/Heroine (Knight, Warrior) • Damsel (Princess) • Alchemist (Wizard, Magician, Scientist, Inventor) • (Fairy Godmother/Godfather) • Teacher (Instructor, Mentor)

37. Individuation: • Jung believeid that the goal of personality development was to “realize the self” • Individuation – the process in which a person becomes and individual (unified whole) • Your opposing forces are in harmony

38. Carl Jung’s Other Terms: • Jung proposed two main personality attitudes, extraversion and introversion • Extraversion – Outgoing and excitable. • Introversion – Quiet and slower to warm up.

39. Alfred Adler’s Striving for Superiority • An Austrian physician, Adler was one of the first to break from Freud’s group (1911). • Rejected Freud’s notion of “penis envy,” argued that women really envy men’s power & status. • Adler emphasized importance of conscious goal-directed behavior & down played unconscious influences.

40. More about Adler: All humans begin life with a sense of inferiority. We are helpless as children & need adults to survive. Adler argued we struggle the rest of our lives to overcome this feeling of inferiority.

41. We struggle to overcome inferiority. • Adler called this natural instinct striving for superiority. • “Striving for superiority” doesn’t mean being superior over others, rather to improve ourselves. • Our primary motivation is to improve ourselves.

42. What happens if we fail? • If we fail to overcome feelings of vulnerability & weakness, we develop an inferiority complex. • Here, an individual believes they are inferior & feel powerless, weak, & helpless.

43. Birth Order shapes personality First-Born- are often pampered & showered with attention. Are likely to have problems later • Middle-Born-not pampered, must share attention with siblings. • Last-Born- pampered through out life. Are likely to have problems later Big Idea: Pampering leads to problems

44. Karen Horney and The Need for Security • Focused on dealing with our need for security, rather than a sense of inferiority Three neurotic personality patterns • Feelings of security with result in: • Moving toward peopleA compliant, submissive person • Feelings of helplessness and insecurity will result in: • Moving against peopleAn aggressive, domineering person • Moving away from peopleA detached, aloof person

45. Alternative Approaches • Humanistic theories developed in the 1960s as a part of a response to the psychoanalytic and behavioral psychological approaches that then dominated psychology and the study of personality • The humanistic approach emphasizes conscious free will in one’s actions, the uniqueness of the individual person, and personal growth

46. Maslow Quotes: • ”If you plan on being anything less than you are capable of being, you will probably be unhappy all the days of your life.” • “The ability to be in the present moment is a major component of mental wellness.” • “The story of the human race is the story of men and women selling themselves short.”

47. The Humanistic Approach to Personality • Abraham Maslow is considered the father of the humanistic movement • He studied the lives of very healthy and creative people to develop his theory of personality • Maslow’s hierarchy of needsis an arrangement of the innate needs that motivate our behavior, from the strongest needs at the bottom of the pyramid to the weakness needs at the top of the pyramid

48. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

49. More Maslow: • Self Actualization – To develop or achieve one’s true potential. • The trouble with most of these youngsters who have been after me is that it seems they have in the back of their heads some notion of self-actualization as a kind of lightning stroke which will hit them on the head suddenly without their doing anything about it. They all seem to want to wait passively for it to happen without any effort on their part.

50. Self-Actualization • Characteristics of self-actualized people include • Accepting themselves, others, and the nature of world for what they are • Having a need for privacy and only a few close, emotional relationships • Being autonomous and independent, democratic, and very creative • Having peak experiences, which are experiences of deep insight in which you experience whatever you are doing as fully as possible