Chapter Seven: Monroe to Tyler

1. Chapter Seven:Monroe to Tyler U.S. History to 1877 Mr. Chancery

2. 7.1 The Monroe Administration • Election of 1816 • Era of Good Feelings • Clay's American System • Expansion • Panic of 1819 • Missouri Compromise • The Election of 1820 • Monroe Doctrine

3. Alabama Course of Study 5. Identify key cases that helped shape the United States Supreme Court. 6. Describe relations of the United States with Britain and France from 1781. 7. Describe the development of a distinct culture within the U.S. between the American Revolution and the Civil War. 8. Trace the development of efforts to abolish slavery prior to the Civil War.

4. Election of 1816 • James Monroe became the Democratic Republican candidate and won the election. • Daniel Tompkins became the new Vice President. • It was the last election in which a Federalist ran for the presidency.

5. Era of Good Feelings • After the Federalist Party died out, the Republican Party was virtually the only political party. • The Era of Good Feelings lasted from 1816 to 1824. • Though only one party existed, the Republicans were divided on several political issues. • American nationalism (“devotion to one’s nation”) grew.

6. Clay's American System • After the War of 1812, Republicans realized the need for a stronger national government. • Henry Clay proposed the American System. • The proposal had 3 parts to it: Henry Clay

7. Clay's American System • The 1st National Bank's charter had expired and was not renewed. • Congress created the 2nd National Bank in 1816. • Clay also proposed the Tariff of 1816. • It would protect American manufacturing by driving the prices of foreign goods up. • The 3rd part of Clay's American System called for internal improvements (roads, canals, etc.). • They would promote commerce and help unite the nation. • President Madison had vetoed the third part of the American System. Henry Clay

8. Expansion • New states were entering the Union: • Louisiana became a state in 1812. • Mississippi became a state in 1817. • Alabama became a state in 1819.

9. Expansion • The Seminoles raided settlements in northern Georgia. • President Monroe ordered Jackson to punish the Seminoles. • Jackson chose to invade Spanish Florida in order to follow his orders. Andrew Jackson

10. Expansion • Spain was preoccupied with uprisings in its other colonies. • Spain feared it would eventually lose Florida. • Spain agreed to give up Florida for $5 million and some other provisions. • The agreement was called the Adams-Onis Treaty (Treaty of Florida). John Quincy Adams

11. Panic of 1819 • In 1819, America experienced its first economic depression. • The Panic of 1819 was caused by London banks demanding repayment of loans to American banks. • American banks demanded repayment of loans to the American public. • Many Americans who had borrowed too much money and were unable to repay the loans.

12. Missouri Compromise • In 1819, Missouri applied to enter the Union as a slave state. • At the time, the Union was divided into 11 free and 11 slave states. • If Missouri entered the Union as a slave state, Southern states would become more powerful than the northern states.

13. Missouri Compromise • Henry Clay proposedthe Missouri Compromise. • Missouri would enter the U.S. as a slave state. • Maine would enter as a free state. • All new states created above 36° 30' N latitude (the southern border of Missouri) would have to be free states. • Congress decided to maintain the status quo. Henry Clay

15. The Election of 1820 • James Monroe and Daniel Tompkins won again. • No candidate ran against Monroe. Daniel Tompkins

16. Monroe Doctrine • President Monroe established the Monroe Doctrine in a speech on December 2, 1823. • The Monroe Doctrine has four main parts: • The U.S. would not get involved in European affairs or wars. • The U.S. recognized the European colonies already in the Western Hemisphere. James Monroe

17. Monroe Doctrine • The U.S. would not allow any more European colonization in the Western Hemisphere. • Hostile European actions taken against a nation in the Western Hemisphere would be considered as an attack on the U.S. • Every President since Monroe has followed the Monroe Doctrine to some extent. John Quincy Adams

18. The John Quincy Adams Administration • The Election of 1824 • A Split in the Republican Party • Adams' Accomplishments John Quincy Adams

19. Alabama Course of Study 5. Identify key cases that helped shape the United States Supreme Court. 6. Describe relations of the United States with Britain and France from 1781. 7. Describe the development of a distinct culture within the U.S. between the American Revolution and the Civil War. 8. Trace the development of efforts to abolish slavery prior to the Civil War.

20. The Election of 1824 • There were four main Republican candidates: • Monroe's Secretary of the Treasury William Crawford • Monroe's Secretary of State John Quincy Adams • General Andrew Jackson • Speaker of the House Henry Clay

21. The Election of 1824 • John C. Calhoun ran for the vice presidency. • Jackson received the most votes but failed to gain a majority. • According to the Constitution, the House of Representatives chooses the president from the top three candidates when no one receives the required majority. John C. Calhoun

22. The Election of 1824 • Clay was eliminated but helped Adams win. • Adams then appointed Clay as Secretary of State. • The office of Secretary of State was a stepping stone to the presidency. • Jackson's supporters would accuse Adams for making a “corrupt bargain” with Clay. Henry Clay

23. A Split in the Republican Party • Adams' supporters called themselves National Republicans. • Jackson's supporters called themselves Democratic-Republicans and later shortened their name to Democrats. • Historians call Jackson's supporters Jacksonian Democrats. John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson

24. Adams' Accomplishments • Adams pushed for a stronger national government and internal improvements. • Jackson's supporters tried to block most of Adams' programs. • Adams was able to get approval for some internal improvements. • He extended the National Road further west. • He improved some rivers and harbors. • Adams would seek reelection in 1828, but would lose to Andrew Jackson.

25. John Q. Adams became a U.S. representative and accomplished his greatest feats after his presidency.

26. 7.3 The Jackson Administration • Jacksonian Era • Election of 1828 • The Spoils System • The Nullification Crisis • Jackson’s Indian Policy • Election of 1832 • The Rise of the Whig Party

27. Alabama Course of Study 5. Identify key cases that helped shape the United States Supreme Court. 6. Describe relations of the United States with Britain and France from 1781. 7. Describe the development of a distinct culture within the U.S. between the American Revolution and the Civil War. 8. Trace the development of efforts to abolish slavery prior to the Civil War.

28. Jacksonian Era • Andrew Jackson dominated American politics during this time period. • The period of time from 1824-1848 is known as the Jacksonian Era or the Age of Jackson.

29. Election of 1828 • John Quincy Adams ran for reelection. • Andrew Jackson ran against him and became the 7th president. • John C. Calhoun had served as Adams’ vice president • He ran on Jackson’s ticket in 1828. John C. Calhoun in 1822

30. The Spoils System • After his election, Jackson replaced many government officials with people who had supported him. • Other presidents had also done this. • Jackson was the first to openly support and justify the spoils system. Andrew Jackson

31. The Nullification Crisis • Just before Jackson took office, Congress passed the Tariff of 1828. • The tax benefited Northern manufacturing. • The tax hurt the South because they relied more on imported goods. • The South condemned the Tariff of 1828 and renamed it the “Tariff of Abominations.”

32. The Nullification Crisis • Vice President John C. Calhoun wrote the “South Carolina Exposition and Protest.” • It stated that the states could nullify federal laws that they considered unconstitutional. • Calhoun became a defender of states’ rights. John C. Calhoun in 1822

33. The Nullification Crisis • In 1832, Congress passed another tariff. • South Carolina declared the tariff null and void. • South Carolina also threatened to secede from the Union. • Jackson considered these actions as treason and asked Congress to pass the ForceBill. • The Force Bill gave Jackson the power to use military force to collect the tariff. Andrew Jackson

34. The Nullification Crisis • The “Great Compromiser” Henry Clay proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833. • The compromise was passed and would lower tariffs over the next 10 years. • South Carolina backed down but nullified the Force Bill in the process. Henry Clay

35. Jackson’s Indian Policy • In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act. • Native Americans would be relocated to the west of the Mississippi River. • The Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole peoples were ordered to move.

36. Jackson’s Indian Policy • The Cherokee refused to relocate. • They had adopted many practices of the white Americans. • They sued the state of Georgia for their right to stay. • American missionary Samuel Austin Worcester acted as their lawyer to the Supreme Court. • Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in the Cherokees’ favor. • Andrew Jackson said “John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!” John Marshall

37. Look up now! What was the name of the court case in which the Native Americans sued? Check out Chapter 8, Section Five in America: Pathways to the Present.

38. Look up now! What was the name of the court case in which the Native Americans sued? • Your book calls it Worcester v. Georgia.

39. Jackson’s Indian Policy • In 1838, Jackson ordered the Cherokee to relocate to the Oklahoma Territory. • During the 116-day journey, the Cherokee were forced to march over a thousand miles with little time to rest. • They faced the cold and diseases. • About 1 out of every 4 Cherokee people who made the journey died. • This journey has become known as the Trail of Tears. Jackson when in the military

40. The Bank War • Jackson opposed the creation of the second national bank. • He blamed it for the Panic of 1819. • The charter for the second Bank of the United States would expire in 1836. • Henry Clay and others pushed for Congress to renew the charter in 1832.

41. The Bank War • Clay hoped to make the bank an issue in the election of 1832. • Congress passed the bill, but Jackson vetoed it. • The bank would expire in 1836. • Jackson moved to destroy the bank before then. • He removed federal funds and placed them in state banks.

42. Election of 1832 • Henry Clay ran as the National Republican candidate. • Andrew Jackson ran with Martin Van Buren as his new running mate. • For the 1st time in American history, a third party entered the presidential campaign. • The Anti-Masonic Party was formed and nominated William Wirt for president. • The Anti-Masonic Party was never a major party. • They opposed the Freemasons, a secret society with some religious connotations. • Jackson won.

43. The Rise of the Whig Party • After the election of 1832, the National Republican Party began to die. • A growing number of Americans began to oppose the immensely popular Jackson for two main reasons: • Jackson’s policies concerning the national bank • Jackson’s excessive use of presidential power including the veto. • His opponents started calling him King Andrew I. • Jackson’s opponents joined together to form the Whig Party.

44. Look up now! Your book reads, “The American Whigs saw themselves as defenders of liberty against a powerful executive.” From where does the Whig Party get its name? Your book should explain that the name for the Whig Party came from a British political party who opposed the king.

45. 7.4 The Van Buren, Harrison, and Tyler Administrations • Election of 1836 • The Panic of 1837 • The Election of 1840 • President John Tyler John Tyler Martin Van Buren William Henry Harrison

46. Alabama Course of Study 5. Identify key cases that helped shape the U. S. Supreme Court. 6. Describe relations of the U. S. with Britain and France from 1781. 7. Describe the development of a distinct culture within the U.S. between the American Revolution and the Civil War. 8. Trace the development of efforts to abolish slavery prior to the Civil War.

47. The Election of 1836 • Andrew Jackson chose not to run for a third term. • He supported his vice president Martin Van Buren to be the Democratic candidate for president. • The Whig Party was growing in strength. • The Whig Party was held together by one main factor: hatred of Andrew Jackson. • The Whig Party got its name from a political party in England who opposed the powerful king. • The Whig Party could not decide on a single candidate to run, so they nominated three candidates. • Martin Van Buren clearly won.

48. Political cartoon showing Jackson carrying Van Buren into office

49. The Panic of 1837 • The defining issue during Van Buren’s administration was the Panic of 1837. • Andrew Jackson’s policy helped create the problem. • Jackson killed the second Bank of the United States. • The national Bank had helped regulate the economy. • The Panic of 1837 started an economic depression. • One result was increased unemployment. • Another result of the Panic of 1837 was poverty. • The depression would hurt Van Buren in the Election of 1840.

50. The Election of 1840 • The Democrats nominated Martin Van Buren again. • The Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison for president and John Tyler as vice president. • Harrison was a war hero. • Harrison was nicknamed “Tippecanoe” because he defeated the Native Americans in the Battle of Tippecanoe. • Tyler was actually a former Democrat who was chosen because he could attract Southern Democratic voters. • They used the catchy slogan “Tippecanoe and Tyler, too” to campaign.