Implementation of Alternative Energy in Kelly Hall

1. Solar Energy Technology Implementation of Alternative Energy in Kelly Hall Team 007-4: Scott Gardner Jessica George Charles Gibson Robert Pisch Technical Advisor:Yossef Elabd

2. Overview • Background Information • Criteria / Constraints • Alternatives • Final Design

3. Mission We plan to help Drexel University begin the transition to becoming a more environmentally-friendly campus by implementing alternative energy sources on Kelly Hall.

4. The Global Energy Crisis • World fossil fuel production is predicted to peak within the next 20 years1 • Energy production will then fall quickly1 http://arts.bev.net/roperldavid/minerals/crudeoil.htm2 http://www.geocities.com/davidmdelaney/oil-depletion/oil-depletion.html1

5. The Global Energy Crisis • Demand for energy will continue to increase,exceeding that which is available3 • Developing countries growing energy needs • Industrialized nations will maintain a steady increase in energy needs

6. http://www.willisms.com/archives/asianoildemand.gif3

7. The Global Energy Crisis • Nations are highly interdependent to meet energy needs • This will lead to political unrest if supplies are not sufficient • Current energy sources also produce large amounts of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions

8. Air Pollution • Emissions from the burning of fossil fuels are damaging to both humans and the environment

9. Global Warming and Greenhouse Gas Emissions • A recent report commissioned by the United Nations revealed an alarming rate of global warming • Effects of further temperature increase may be disastrous

10. Here at Drexel • Current Energy Situation • Usage • Factors • Limitations drexel.edu

11. Introduction to Drexel’s Energy Usage • Drexel University powers its campus exclusively by PECO and Community Energy, Inc. • About 90% of this energy comes from power plants which produce harmful Emissions1 • The university attains about 10% of there total energy from windmills1 http://www.newwindenergy.com/windfarm_bearcreek/index.html 1 http://www.drexel.edu/univrel/dateline/default_nik.pl?of=1&p=releaseview&f=20020729-01

12. Kelly Residence Hall • Costs about $100,000 per year to provide power to Kelly Hall1 • This results in 15,798,527 pounds of carbon dioxide emissions2 • Environmental cost is much higher than financial cost • Various cleaner alternatives may be considered • Bio-fuels • Hydrogen Fuel Cells • Solar Panels • Wind 1William Taylor 2 http://www.exeloncorp.com/peco/customer_marketing_services/marketing/calculator.asp http://www.drexel.edu/rlo/Halls/Kelly/

13. Criteria • Produces the least greenhouse gas emissions • Optimal efficiency • Low cost of installation and maintenance

14. Constraints • Materials • Cost • Safety • Availability • Building codes • Aesthetic appeal

15. Potential Solutions Various Sources of cleaner energy: • Fuel cells • Biomass as fuels • Wind • Solar panels

16. Hydrogen Fuel Cells Storage, and transportation Energy for electrolysis must come from different sources Fossil Fuels Buying hydrogen http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/dev_solutions.pdf

17. Fuel Cells Cost • Hydrogen-$2.00-3.00/gasoline gallon equivalent (delivered, untaxed, 2005, by 2015)1 • Storage- Multi-million dollar purchase • Single tanks can be constructed to hold as much as 900,000 kg (2,000,000 lb) of hydrogen • Piping systems are usually several miles long, and in some cases may be hundreds of miles long. • Synthetic Natural Gas PlantPhiladelphia, PA2 1.http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/news_cost_goal.html 2. http://www.totalenergy.com/SNGPlant/SNGPlant.htm#Section%20200

18. Bio-Fuels Gas emissions Cost of acquisition Maintenance Transportation Continuously getting waste http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/reports/fuelwood/fig3_1.gif

19. Wind • Continuously buying energy • Stable 20-year prices • Additional 2.54 cents per kilowatt-hour from PECO1 • 90,000 kWh per month in winter to115,000 kWh per month in summer * 2.54 cents per kilowatt-hour= average of $32,000 more per year 1. http://www.newwindenergy.com/buywind/home/mid_atlantic/step3_midatlantic_other.html

20. A http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/ilands/fig13.html

21. Solar Panels • Widely available and used • Completely clean during usage • Emissions involved in production • Federal subsidies and incentives • Sufficient amounts of energy can be harnessed

22. Method of Solution Analysis of 3 types of solar energy systems: 1. Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) 2. Concentrator Systems 3. High-Efficiency Multi-junction Devices • Cost • Efficiency • Use of space • Aesthetics

23. Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) • Serve a dual purpose of producing electricity and acting as construction material. • Pros: • Replace old construction materials • Wide variety of aesthetic choices • Cons: • Primarily used in new constructions • Relatively low efficiencies Solar Roof Tiles Amorphous Silicon Solar Glass http://www.powernaturally.org/wms/images_gallery/20Rt-Facade-01160301_th.jpg http://www.habitat2.net/wp-content/SolarCentury.jpg

24. Solar Concentrator Systems • These systems cover a standard photovoltaic panel with concentrating optics • Sunlight intensity is increased on solar panels or other collectors. • Pros: • Reduces amount of PV needed • Reduces amount of space for system • Amplifies power of the sun • Cons: • Depend solely on direct light • Complex construction • Can be aesthetically unappealing • High maintenance

25. Types of Solar Concentrators • Concentrating solar power systems can be sized to suit various applications. Parabolic Trough System Power Tower System Parabolic Dish System Images courtesy of: http://www.solarpaces.org/csp_technology.htm

26. Multi-junction Solar Cells • Multiple layers of solar cells with different light absorption properties • Top layers absorb shorter wavelengths • Lower levels absorb longer wavelengths • Pros: • Most efficient solar cells to date • Low maintenance and reliable • Projected future efficiencies on the rise • Cons: • Still largely in research and development • Uses inorganic compounds Chart courtesy of: http://photochemistry.epfl.ch/EDEY/NREL.pdf

27. Basic Cross-Section of a PV Solar Cell

28. Grid-Tied Solar Energy Systems • PV system becomes a “micro generator” • Offsets energy usage OR • Fed back into electrical grid and sold back to power company

29. Final Solution • Multi-junction cells were chosen for this application because: • Installable on existing structures and maintains aesthetic appeal • Highest average solar cell efficiencies to date • Low energy payback time • Grid-tied

30. Recommendations for the Future • Here at Drexel • The Solar Panels • Other clean alternative energies

31. Buildings Estimated roof space • 1.One Drexel Plaza 70000+ • 2.DAC1 38000 • 3.North Hall1 28000 • 4.Hess Research Eng. Labs1 25000 1 http://www.drexel.edu/depts/pdc/pages/statsmap.asp

32. * Kelly Hall 1 One Drexel Plasa 2 DAC 3 North 4 Hess http://maps.google.com/maps?client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&hl=en&channel=s&tab=wl&q=

33. Solar Panels • Currently solar panels are ##% efficient • 20-30 years ago solar panels were ##% efficient • In 20-30 years we can expect solar panels to be about ##% efficient

35. Using Wind Power with Solar Panels • Wind and Solar energies are frequently opposite1 • Wind energy is just as clean 1 http://howto.altenergystore.com/Buyers-Guides/Quick-Start-Wind-Power-Turbines/a38/

36. Thank You • Any questions? • Comments?