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AGRICULTURAL TRADITION PREPARED BY: GERALDINE B. RELLES III-6 BEED. AGRICULTURE.
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AGRICULTURAL TRADITIONPREPARED BY: GERALDINE B. RELLES III-6 BEED
AGRICULTURE • is the artificial cultivation and processing of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fibers and other byproducts.Agriculture was the key implement in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of much denser and more stratified societies. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science.
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR • 4 SUB-SECTORS • Farming • Livestock • Poultry • Fisheries
FARMING A crop is a non-animal species or variety that is grown to be harvested as food, livestock fodder, fuel or for any other economic purpose. Major world crops include maize (corn), wheat, rice, soybeans, hay, potatoes and cotton. While the term "crop" most commonly refers to plants, it can also include species from other biological kingdoms. For example, mushrooms like shiitake, which are in the fungi kingdom, can be referred to as crops. In addition, certain species of algae are also cultivated, although it is also harvested from the wild. In contrast, animal species that are raised by humans are called livestock, except those that are kept as pets. Microbial species, such as bacteria or viruses, are referred to as cultures. Microbes are not typically grown for food, but are rather used to alter food. For example, bacteria is used to ferment milk to produce yogurt.
MAIN AGRICULTURAL CROPS • Rice • Corn • Coconut • Sugarcane • Bananas • Pineapples • Coffee • Mangoes • Tobacco • Abaca
SECONDARY CROPS • Peanut • Cassava • Camote • Garlic • Onion • Cabbage • Eggplant • Calamansi • Rubber • Cotton
LIVESTOCK Livestock (also cattle) refers to one or more domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fiber and labor. The term "livestock" as used in this article does not include poultry or farmed fish; however the inclusion of these, especially poultry, within the meaning of "livestock" is common. Livestock generally are raised for subsistence or for profit. Raising animals (animal husbandry) is an important component of modern agriculture. It has been practiced in many cultures since the transition to farming from hunter-gather lifestyles.
POULTRY Poultry is a category of domesticated birds kept by humans for the purpose of collecting their eggs, or killing for their meat and/or feathers. These most typically are members of the superorderGalloansera (fowl), especially the order Galliformes (which includes chickens, quails and turkeys) and the family Anatidae (in order Anseriformes), commonly known as "waterfowl" (e.g. domestic ducks and domestic geese). Poultry also includes other birds which are killed for their meat, such as pigeons or doves or birds considered to be game, like pheasants. Poultry comes from the French/Norman word, poule, itself derived from the Latin word Pullus, which means small animal.
FISHERY • Generally, a fishery is an entity engaged in raising and/or harvesting fish, which is determined by some authority to be a fishery. According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features". The definition often includes a combination of fish and fishers in a region, the latter fishing for similar species with similar gear types. • A fishery may involve the capture of wild fish or raising fish through fish farming or aquaculture. Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and aquaculture. Overfishing, including the taking of fish beyond sustainable levels, is reducing fish stocks and employment in many world regions.
AQUACULTURE • Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish.Mariculture refers to aquaculture practiced in marine environments. • The output, as reported, from aquaculture would supply one half of the fish and shellfish that is directly consumed by humans. However, there are issues about the reliability of the reported figures. Further, in current aquaculture practice, products from several pounds of wild fish are used to produce one pound of a piscivorous fish like salmon. • Particular kinds of aquaculture include fish farming, shrimp farming, oyster farming, algaculture (such as seaweed farming), and the cultivation of ornamental fish. Particular methods include aquaponics, which integrates fish farming and plant farming.
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES • Commercial fishing is the activity of capturing fish and other seafood for commercialprofit, mostly from wild fisheries. It provides a large quantity of food to many countries around the world, but those who practice it as an industry must often pursue fish far into the ocean under adverse conditions. Large scale commercial fishing is also known as industrial fishing. • Commercial fishermen harvest a wide variety of animals, ranging from tuna, cod and salmon to shrimp, krill, lobster, clams, squid and crab, in various fisheries for these species. • Commercial fishing methods have become very efficient using large nets and factory ships. Many new restrictions are often integrated with varieties of fishing allocation schemes (such as individual fishing quotas), and international treaties that have sought to limit the fishing effort and, sometimes, capture efficiency.
AGRICULTURE • Agriculture contracted by 0.12 percent in 2010. The gains recorded in the fourth quarter were not enough to cushion the negative effects of the El Niño phenomenon during the first nine (9) months of the year. Crop production continued to decline. Meanwhile, production increased in the livestock, poultry and fisheries subsectors. At current prices, the gross value of production amounted to P1.25 trillion or 5.27 percent higher than the previous year's record.
CROPS • The crops subsector which contributed 45.47 percent to the total agricultural production reported a 2.77 percent decline in output this year. Production of palay went down by 3.04 percent and that of corn, by 9.34 percent. Coconut and sugarcane farms came down with output decreases of 0.81 percent and 19.67 percent, respectively. Crops with more than 3.0 percent of production increases were mango, tobacco, onion, cabbage and eggplant. Gross value of crop production was P666.8 billion at current prices and was higher by 5.60 percent from the 2009 level.
LIVESTOCK • Livestock production was up by 1.48 percent this year. It accounted for 12.69 percent of total agricultural production. Hog production grew by 1.11 percent in 2010. Goat, cattle, carabao and dairy production increased by 1.38 percent to 8.95 percent. The subsector grossed P211.0 billion at current prices, up by 7.41 percent from the previous year's level.
POULTRY • The poultry subsector grew by 3.72 percent. It shared 14.93 percent in total agricultural production. Chicken and chicken eggs had output increases of 4.01 percent and 5.12 percent, respectively. Production of duck and duck eggs continued to decline. At current prices, the subsector grossed P152.1 billion or 4.80 percent more than the year ago record.
FISHERIES • Production in the fisheries subsector which represented 26.91 percent of the total agricultural output expanded by 1.72 percent this year. Aquaculture production sustained its growth and this year recorded another 2.68 percent increment. Municipal fisheries production was up by 1.62 percent. However, commercial fisheries production declined by 0.49 percent. The subsector's gross value of output was P221.3 billion at current prices. This was 2.64 percent higher than the 2009 record.
FARMGATE PRICES • On the average, farmgate prices increased by 5.39 percent this year. All subsectors recorded price gains in 2010. In the crops subsector, prices were up by an average of 8.61 percent. The livestock subsector recorded an average price increase of 5.85 percent. Prices in the poultry subsector grew by an average of 1.04 percent. In the fisheries subsector, prices moved up by an average of 0.91 percent.
The proposed national government budget for 2011 has set the following budget allocations
SIGNIFICANCE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE ECONOMY As a basic source of livelihood As a source of food and raw materials in a growing economy As market for products of industry As a source of earnings in foreign trade As a source of resource transfers for the rest of the economy
