Age of Revolutions

1. Age of Revolutions • American Revolution was unique--4 million people, edge of continent, no tradition of class or clerical privilege, built on tradition of British liberty • French Revolution was internal revolt against entrenched elites & monarchy, in most populous & powerful European nation • All Europe affected by French Revolution

2. In 1789, France faced a serious economic crisis. Food prices were rising while wages were falling and the people were growing upset.

3. French Society Divided • In 1789, France was under the ancient regime (old order) • European social system of the middle ages • Divided people into 3 estates. • First estate – the clergy (church officials) • Second estate – nobility • Third estate – everyone else

4. The Ancien Regime • This cartoon from the era of the French Revolution depicts the third estate as a person in chains, who supports the clergy and nobility on his back. The Third Estate

5. The Clergy Enjoy Wealth • French clergy were powerful and rich • Paid no direct taxes, collected tithes, & owned about 10% of land • High ranking officials such as bishops live very well, while priests, monks, and others live humbly.

6. Nobles Hold Top Government Jobs • 2ndEstate (French Nobles) granted top jobs in the government, the army, the courts, and the Church. • Suffering from financial crisis too and grew to resent the royal bureaucracy. • Feared that they might lose status and privileges, such as tax exemption

7. Third Estate is Vastly Diverse • Most diverse estate • Bourgeoisie-middle class (top) • Bankers, merchants, manufacturers, lawyers, doctors, journalists, & professors. • Most were rural peasants • Some owned land • Others were laborers

8. Urban workers • The poorest of the poor • Apprentices, journeymen, and other industrial workers • Many struggled to survive and often turned to begging or crime • Poor wages • Rising bread prices threaten starvation

9. The 3rd Estate • Resented the nobles • Nobles paid no taxes • Peasants paid all taxes • Forced to pay for services such as roads • Some also forced to pay dues to nobles

10. Financial Troubles • In 1789, France faced a serious financial crisis • By 1789 half of France’s income from taxes went to paying the interest on the debt it owed. • Causes • Deficit spending: occurs when a government spends more money than it takes in • Louis XIV • 7 Years War and American Revolution • 1780’s bad harvests = high food prices King Louis Calles on Jacques Necker for help

11. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way – in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.A Tale of Two Cities - Charles Dickens

12. http://www.usdebtclock.org/#

13. Jacques Necker Louis XVI's very popular finance minister. Made three propositions to correct France’s economy: 1. Reduce extravagant court spending 2. Abolish burdensome tariffs on internal trade 3. Reform government to give the Third Estate more representation in government & start taxing the 1st & 2nd Estates.

14. Jacques Necker So,Why did the nobles and clergy demand that the king dismiss Jacques Necker and summon the Estates-General? • The Nobles & Clergy did not like this idea and instead demanded that the king summon the Estates General Necker wanted to tax them, & they hoped the Estates General would guarantee their privileges and help them gain more power from the king

15. Louis XVI Calls the Estates-General • With bread riots spreading and nobles denouncing royal tyranny, Louis is pressured by the wealthy and powerful to call the estates-general • Legislative body consisting of representatives from each estate • Had not met in 175 years

16. Estates Prepare Grievance Notebooks • Louis tells the estates’ representatives to prepare cahiers (Caiays) • Notebooks, listing their grievances • Called for tax reform, freedom of press, or regular meeting of the Estates-General

17. Cahiers From the Third Estate “Tax collectors are “bloodsuckers of the nation who drink the tears of the unfortunate from goblets of gold” “20 million live off half the wealth of France while the clergy…devour the other half.”

18. The Estates General • Members of the third estate elect representatives • Familiar with enlightenment ideas of Voltaire and Rousseau • Traditionally, each estate had one vote • The 3rd suggests that all estates meet in a single body and votes counted by head

20. Knowing this system of representation was unfair, the Estates-General from the Third Estate wanted all three estates to Meet in a single body, with votes counted “by each head”

21. Tennis Court Oath

22. The Tennis Court Oath • Swear “never to separate and to meet whatever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and just constitution.” • Some nobles and clergy decide to join it, so Louis accepts it • This Unification would not last long…

23. Parisians storm the BastilleJuly 14, 1789 • Meanwhile, in Paris, • Parisians fear that royal troops might occupy the capital and end the National Assembly • 800 Parisians surround the Bastille (medieval fortress/prison) and demand weapons and ammunition • The commander of the Bastille refuses, and opens fire on the crowd • Many die, but the mob eventually storms the fortress and kills the guards • They find no weapons though

26. The Fall of the Bastille

27. Pont de la Concorde

28. Significance • Gives the people confidence • Sends a message to the King • Challenged the existence of the regime • Serves as France’s national independence day.

29. Section 2 The French Revolution Unfolds Pgs. 216 - 221

30. Objectives: • Explain how the political crisis of 1789 led to popular revolts • Summarize the moderate reforms enacted by the National Assembly in August 1789 • Identify additional actions taken by the National Assembly as it pressed onward • Analyze why there was a mixed reaction around Europe to the events unfolding in France.

31. Setting: France, 1789 – 1792 Characters: Marquis de Lafayette, Olympe de Gouges, Marie Antoinette, Louis XVI, Emigres, Sans-culottes, & Jacobins Plot: Amid growing hunger and unrest among the peasants, the National assembly succeeds in creating a constitution. The Popularly elected Legislative assembly takes over, steadily grows more radical, and begins to declare war on tyranny throughout Europe.

32. French Rev. Divided Into Phases • National Assembly (1789 – 1791) – moderate • Radical Phase (1792- 1794) • Directory (1795-1799) – reaction against extremism • Age of Napoleon (1799 – 1815) • This section is about the Moderate Phase

33. The Great Fear • 1789 worst harvest in history • Summer of 1789 – Peasants fear that the King and the First and Second estates are trying to take them over. • Peasants burned their nobles' chateaux and destroyed documents which contained their feudal obligations.

34. Burning chateaux as the peasants riot in the countryside

35. Paris Commune Comes to Power Factions (competing groups) fought for control of Paris. Marquis de Lafayette controlled the national guard in Paris. New govt. of paris Mobilized people for the revolution

36. The French Flag • The Marquis de Lafayette, commander of the new National Guard, combined  the colors of the King (white) and the colors of Paris (blue and red) for his guardsmen's uniforms and from this came the Tricolor, the new French flag.

37. The National Assembly responded to the Great Fear. On the Night of August 4, 1789, one by one members of the nobility and clergy rose to give up: Feudal dues Serfdom The tithe Hunting and fishing rights Personal privileges. In one night feudalism was destroyed in France.  The Night of August 4

38. The National Assembly on the night of August 4, 1789

39. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen August 26, 1789 • Liberty! • Property! • Resistance to oppression! • Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at this time.

40. DOROMAC Questions: • What rights does it provide to the French people? • If you were creating a Declaration of Rights for the Springboro Student, what would you include?

41. The new National Assembly created the historic and influential document The Declaration of the Rights of Man, which stated the principle that all men had equal rights under the law. Women were dissappointed didn’t give them equal citizenship. Olympe de Gouges, wrote her own declaration stating men and women are both equal. The National Assembly

42. Declaration of the Rights of Man

43. Upset women • Olympe de Gouges • “Declaration of Rights of Woman and Female Citizen” • Demanded rights

44. March of the Women,October 5-6, 1789 A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread.

45. The National Assembly Presses Onward

46. Church lands taken Sell the land to pay off debt Avoid taxing more heavily Church officials and priest to be elected by property owners Paid as state officials Catholic church loses power and independence Not popular with the Catholics of the County Pits Peasants against the Bourgeoisie and the Revolution from this point onward Revolution and the Church

47. Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791

48. The French Constitution of 1791: • Set up a limited monarchy • Set up Legislative Assembly to make laws, collect taxes, and decide on issues of war and peace. Elected tax paying males over 25 • Replaced provinces with 83 equal-sized departments • Abolished old courts • Reformed laws

49. The Royal Family Attempts to Flee • June, 1791 • Headed toward the Luxembourgborder. • The King wasrecognized atVarennes, nearthe border

50. The apprehension of Louis XVI at Varennes