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Do Students’ Needs Change as They Develop?

Do Students’ Needs Change as They Develop?. Chapter 8 Section 1. Introductory Vocabulary . Stages of Development Predictable stages through which individuals pass as they process through life. Cognitive Development

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Do Students’ Needs Change as They Develop?

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  1. Do Students’ Needs Change as They Develop? Chapter 8 Section 1

  2. Introductory Vocabulary • Stages of Development • Predictable stages through which individuals pass as they process through life. • Cognitive Development • The process of acquiring the intellectual ability to learn from interaction with one’s environment. • Psychosocial Development • The progression of an individual through various stages of psychological and social development. • Moral Reasoning • The reasoning process people follow to decide what is right or wrong.

  3. Jean Piaget 1896-1980 • He was a noted Swiss biologist and an epistemologist. • He did extensive observations of children. • He concluded that children reason differently from adults.

  4. Piaget’s Model of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Intelligence • From birth to 2 years of age • Behavior is sensory and motor • The child does not yet “think” conceptually

  5. Piaget’s Model of Cognitive Development Preoperational Thought • Ages 2-7 • Development of language • Conceptual development • Begin to use symbols to think of objects • Fantasy and imaginative play are natural modes of thinking

  6. Piaget’s Model of Cognitive Development Concrete Operations • 7 to 11 years of age • Develop ability to use logical thought to solve problems • Children become able to draw conclusions

  7. Piaget’s Model of Cognitive Development Formal Operations • Age 11-15 • Cognitive abilities reach highest level • Sarcasm and puns become a part of language • Ability to think abstractly

  8. Piaget’s Vocabulary • Preoperational stage • The individual begins to use language and symbols to think of objects and people outside of the intermediate environment. • Concrete operation stage • The individual develops the ability to use logical thought to solve concrete problems. • Formal operation stage • The cognitive abilities reach their highest level of development.

  9. Erik Erikson • Danish-American • Developmental Psychologist • Developed theory of psychosocial development 1902-1994

  10. Erikson’s Model of Psychosocial Development

  11. Erikson’s Vocabulary • Psychosocial crisis • A life crisis at one of eight different stages of growth and development, individuals must resolve each crisis to reach the next stage.

  12. Lawrence Kohlberg • Jewish American Psychologist • Specialized in moral education and reasoning • Created theory of stages of moral development 1927-1987

  13. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development I. Preconventional Level of Moral Reasoning The child is responsive to cultural rules and labels of good and bad, but interprets theses in terms of consequence • Stage 1: Punishment and obedience Orientation -Physical consequence determine its goodness or badness - Avoidance of punishment are valued • Stage 2: The instrumental relativist Orientation - Right action consists of what satisfies one’s needs - “You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours”

  14. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development II. Conventional Level of Moral Reasoning Maintaining Expectations of the individuals family, group or nation is perceived as valuable. • Stage 3- “good boy-nice girl” orientation and good behavior. • Stage 4- “law and order” orientation • Right behavior consist of one’s duty and respect for authority.

  15. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development III. Post conventional, Autonomous, or Principle Level of Moral Reasoning • Stage 5- the social-contract, legalistic orientation • Standards that have been agreed on by the whole society • “Official” morality of the U.S. government and Constitution • Stage 6- The Universal-ethical-principal orientation • Right is defined by conscience in accord with self-chosen ethical principles appealing to logic and university.

  16. Kohlberg’s Vocabulary • Character education • An approach to education that emphasizes the teaching of values, moral reasoning and the development of “good” character.

  17. Abraham Maslow • Psychologist • 1908-1970 • Created the Hierarchy of Needs

  18. Self –actualization Need Aesthetic Needs Need to Know and Understand Esteem Needs Belongingness and Love Needs Safety Needs Physiological Needs

  19. Maslow’s Vocabulary • Hierarchy of needs • A set of 7 needs from the basic needs of survival and safety to the need for self-actualization that motivate human behavior

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