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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. Chapter 22. RESPIRATION. The exchange of gases between the atmosphere, lungs, blood, and tissues. Respiration. Pulmonary ventilation =“breathing” External respiration =occurs within the lungs Transport of respiratory gases =via the blood

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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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  1. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Chapter 22

  2. RESPIRATION The exchange of gases between the atmosphere, lungs, blood, and tissues

  3. Respiration • Pulmonary ventilation=“breathing” • External respiration=occurs within the lungs • Transport of respiratory gases=via the blood • Internal respiration=occurs within the tissues

  4. REQUIREMENTS • Gas exchange surfaces must be thin. • Gas exchange surfaces must remain moist. • Gas exchange surfaces must be large in relation to the size of the organism.

  5. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY • Nose and nasal cavity • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchial tree • Lungs • Diaphragm

  6. Nose

  7. Nose

  8. Pharynx

  9. Pharynx

  10. Larynx

  11. Larynx

  12. Vocal Folds and Ligaments

  13. Trachea and Bronchial Tree

  14. Tracheal Anatomy

  15. Tracheal Anatomy

  16. Conducting Zones

  17. Bronchial Tree

  18. Lower Bronchial Tree

  19. Alveoli and Respiratory Membrane

  20. Alveoli and Respiratory Membrane

  21. Tissue Changes Summarized • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar • Simple columnar • Cuboidal • Smooth muscle • Cartilage rings • Cilia • Simple squamous

  22. The Lungs and Pleural Coverings

  23. The Lungs and Pleural Coverings

  24. RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

  25. Pressures • Atmospheric pressure • Alveolar pressure (intrapulmonary pressure) • Intrapleural pressure • Boyle’s Law • More volume=less pressure • Less volume=more pressure

  26. Thoracic Volume and Inspiration

  27. Thoracic Volume and Expiration

  28. Changes in Thoracic Volumes

  29. Factors Influencing Pulmonary Ventilation • Airway Resistance • Surface Tension • Lung Compliance

  30. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

  31. Volumes and Capacities

  32. Volumes and Capacities

  33. Dead Space • Anatomical dead space • Alveolar dead space • Total dead space

  34. Non-Respiratory Air Movements

  35. Regulation of Respiration • Medullary respiratory center • Dorsal respiratory center (DRC) • Ventral respiratory center (VRC) • Pontine center formerly called the Pneumotaxic center • Hypothalamus

  36. Gas Transport

  37. Basic Properties of Gases Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

  38. Partial Pressure and Gas Exchange

  39. At the Lungs

  40. At the Tissues

  41. Factors Influencing Gas Transport and Hemoglobin Saturation

  42. Factors Influencing Gas Transport and Hemoglobin Saturation

  43. Factors Affecting Breathing Rate and Depth

  44. Sinusitis Laryngitis Pleurisy Atelectasis Pneumothorax Dyspnea Pneumonia Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) Emphysema Chronic bronchitis Asthma Tuberculosis Cystic fibrosis Pulmonary embolism Sleep apnea Hypoxia Homeostatic Imbalances of the Respiratory System

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