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Eastern Europe. Seeking a Political, Economic, and Cultural Center and. Why Do They Fail?. Ottoman Empire. Battle of Lepanto – 1571 (Spain, Naples, Venice, Sicily v. Ottomans). 150 Ottoman vessals lost to 50 for allies. Ottomans lost 2x as many soldiers/sailors. Ottomans Post-Lepanto.
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Eastern Europe Seeking a Political, Economic, and Cultural Centerand Why Do They Fail?
Battle of Lepanto – 1571(Spain, Naples, Venice, Sicily v. Ottomans) 150 Ottoman vessals lost to 50 for allies. Ottomans lost 2x as many soldiers/sailors
Ottomans Post-Lepanto • Rebuilt fleet in 6 months (a ship a day from Constantinople), and allies were compelled to sign a treaty • Ottomans concentrated on North Africa • Ottoman military technology suffered from stagnation (fed by increasing religious conservatives). The Western Europeans no longer feared Ottomen cavalry.
Collapse of the Ottomans • Last surge in 1683 in attempt to retake Vienna – considered expansionists until then. • Western European nations wanted to curtail Ottoman control of trade routes to the East. • Philip II (Spain) encouraged a combined Western attack on the Ottoman fleet in the Mediterranean Sea
Siege of Vienna Ottomans lose 20,000Poles/Hapsburgs lose 4,500
Vienna - 1683 • Defeated by Jan III (John III) Sobieski of Poland. • Treaty of Karlowitz (Ottomans concede Hungary and Transylvania) • Ottoman Empire slowly retreats south – does fight on for 16 years. • Left power vacuum as it retreated • No effective Holy Roman Empire or Eastern leadership to fill the vacuum • Ottoman Empire suffered from weak leadership
The Three Families • The Hanovers - who will ultimately rule England • The Hapsburgs, whose focus will ultimately be Austria and Eastern Europe • The Hohenzollerans, who will emerge as the most powerful family in Germany.
Prince Eugene of Savoy Battle of Zenta- drove Turks out of Hungary Peace of Karlowitz- Turks yielded most of Hungary, Croatia & Transylvania Treaty of Rastadt- Austria annexed Spanish Netherlands
Charles VI • Ruled until 1740(Charles III in Spain) • No male heir • Responsible for the Pragmatic Sanction • Refrains from expansion wants guarantee of daughters rule
Austria – Economic Issues • Landlocked – small middle class – limited taxes • Charles VI forms Ostend Company – 1722 - (East and West Indies) based in the Austrian Netherlands (from Treaty of Utrecht) • Competed with British and Dutch • British force its dissolution in 1731 as a part of the Treaty of Vienna (Anglo-Austrian Alliance)
War of Austrian Succession1740-1748 • Charles death signifies the start of foreign encroachment into Austria • British enters war - hopes to gain a Continental position(and because England is now an ally of Austria) • Austria's enemies distrust each other • Austria survives But … the conflict expands
However, England …..Is not initially involvedBut …. Then there is …
Jenkins Ear(The War of) • Begins with an incident in 1731 • Results in war in 1739 - Between Spanish and British …. Fought largely in the Caribbean But … becomes an • Extension of the War of Austrian Succession Then ………
King George’s War1744-1748 • Considered the third in a long line of French and Indian Wars (against English) • English relied on colonial forces, which defeated French forces, and took control of a portion of Nova Scotia (heavy losses) • War ends with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle • France and England returned land to the other - treaty caused a serious rift between British crown and American colonists
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle • All lands were returned to those who originally controlled them • Maria Theresa kept her throne • Prussia gained respect for its military, and • Prussia gains control over Silesia (the focus of the Seven Years War in Europe)
Marie Theresa • Marries Francis Stephen of Lorraine - 16 children • Abandons traditional alliance with England • Joins France and Russia • Helps divide Poland • Eventually rules with son • Considered Enlightened • Freed serfs to increase taxes • Ignored other enlightened practices
Joseph II • 1765-1790, Hapsburg • Co-ruled with mother until her death in 1780 • Considered Enlightened • Religious toleration • Freed Austrian serfs • Eliminated censorship • Codified law • Failed to extend territory • Most reforms failed - no $
Prussia Electors of the Holy Roman EmpireBeginning in 1415Originate from region of Brandenburg Prussia takes on state status in 1701 when theElector of Brandenburg takes the title ‘King of Prussia’
The Hohenzollerns • First notice in 13th Century • Began as moneylenders to the Holy Roman Emperor • Awarded land for service, and eventually merged these lands into modern Prussia • Used military to bind estates into a single country.
The First Two Fredericks • Frederick William, The Great Elector, 1640-1688 • Frederick III, Elector of BrandenburgBecomes Frederick I, King of Prussiawith permission of HRE
Frederick William I,The Drill-Master of Europe • 1713-1740 • Frugal • Built army through mandatory service • Developed Potsdam Guard – special unit • Cousin of George II • Excellent administrator Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau
The Prussian Military • 4th largest although population was 12th largest – 4% of the population. • 70% of state budget devoted to military • Reorganized leadership and unit structure • Increased mobility • Unsuccessful in longer conflicts – insufficient troops • Reputation often outstripped ability
Frederick II The Great1740-1786 • Raised in rigid (militaristic) environment • Inherited a nation in excellent condition. • Used military to expand territory – wanted to ‘connect the dots’ of Prussia • Considered an intellectual and Enlightened leader • Administrative genius
Frederick William II • 1786-1797 • Second son of Frederick William I (brother of “The Great”) • Not ‘strong of intellect’ – Frederick ‘The Great’ had ‘misgivings’ about his ability • Tax reform damages Prussian economy – leaves nation near bankruptcy • Support for Louis XVI and poor leadership during war damage Prussia. • Strong support of arts (Mozart and Beethoven)
The Prussian ‘Tradition’ • Protestant • Territorial consolidation • Efficiency • Rule of law • Militarism and duty to country • Hallmarks of the German state to follow in the 19th century
Lithuania • 14th Century – conversion to Christianity and unity with Poland. • Defeated Germanic Knights in 15th Century and reached territorial maximum • Devastated by Great Northern War (war, plague, famine killed over 40% of population) • Control eventually lost to Austrian (Hapsburgs), Russia, Prussia • Soviet control 1940-1990
Lithuania Today • First Soviet Republic to declare independence (1990 – not recognized by Soviets until 1991) • Joined NATO and EU in 2004 • 3.5 Million people/15% unemployment • Per Capita GDP ($17,000) ranks 58 in world (U.S. - $46,000). • World Health Ranking of 73 [behind all of Western Europe – except Russia (130)]
Russia The Largest Land Mass in Europe
Early Russia - until 1547 • Was focused on the East (Asia) • Ural Mountains provided early barrier to Western influences • Ivan the Terrible (first Czar – 1580s) redirects Russian attention to the West • A Romanov ascends to throne in early 1613 - 1645 (Michael)
