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Unit 6: TOXINS Solutions & Kinetics!

Unit 6: TOXINS Solutions & Kinetics!. What do you think the word “solution” means in chemistry (not “solution” as in “answer”)? Discuss your ideas with the people at your group and then write your answer down. Vocabulary. Solute. Solvent. dissolving substance

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Unit 6: TOXINS Solutions & Kinetics!

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  1. Unit 6: TOXINSSolutions & Kinetics!

  2. What do you think the word “solution” means in chemistry (not “solution” as in “answer”)? Discuss your ideas with the people at your group and then write your answer down.

  3. Vocabulary Solute Solvent • dissolving substance • The majoritysubstance in the mixture • Aqueous solution: solution where wateris the solvent • substance which is dissolved • The minoritysubstance in the mixture

  4. Example: You have a beaker of 1000 mL of propanol and decide to dissolve some calcium chloride in it. Which is the solute? _______________ Which is the solvent? ______________ CaCl2 Propanol

  5. Solvents Most of the time WATER is our solvent However, there are many important non-water solvents! • Paint Thinner(Turpentine, C10H16) • Nail Polish remover (Acetone, C3H6O) • Dry cleaning (perchloroethylene,C2Cl4) *a carcinogen

  6. MIXTURES! • Mixture: Two or more substances mixed together that retain their original properties(in other words, no chemical bonds form between the two or more molecules)

  7. Types of Mixtures HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS “different” throughout • the samethroughout • SOLUTIONSare always homogeneous!

  8. Shampoo? Homogeneous

  9. Chunky Picante Salsa? Heterogeneous

  10. Chex Mix? Heterogeneous

  11. Salt water? Homogeneous

  12. Summary • Soluble • It dissolves. • homogeneous-transparent solution • Insoluble • It doesn’t dissolve. • heterogeneous-can have different “parts”

  13. Remember . . . Like dissolves like. • Polar substances will dissolve in _________ substances. • Non-polar substances will dissolve in _____________ substances. Polar Non-polar New: Ionic substances will dissolve in POLAR substances.

  14. Would iodine crystals dissolve in water? No, iodine is non-polar and water is polar

  15. Would iodine crystals dissolve in paint thinner? Yes, iodine is non-polar and paint thinner is non-polar

  16. Concentration: The amount of solute for a specified amount of solution. (A common measure of concentration is moles of solute per liter of solution (m/L).)

  17. MOLARITY! Moles of solute Liters of solution

  18. You have 8 moles of HCl and you pour it into 2 liters of water. What concentration of HCl did you produce? 8 moles HCl 4 mol/L OR 4 M = 2 liters solution

  19. Which acid would you rather have spill on your arm? 1 M 12 M

  20. 1 M 1 M 12 M 1 mole/L would be less concentrated than 12 moles/L!

  21. LABEL EACH MOLECULE AS POLAR COVALENT, NON-POLAR COVALENT or IONIC. Covalent: 2 or more non-metals Ionic: metal and a non-metal

  22. Oil, C20H42 Ethanol, C2H6O NON-POLAR Covalent POLAR Covalent

  23. Copper (II) Chloride, CuCl2 Calcium carbonate, CaCO3 IONIC IONIC

  24. Molecular Structures Citric Acid, C6H8O6 POLAR Covalent

  25. Molecular Structures Styrofoam Acetone, C3H6O NON-POLAR, Covalent POLAR, Covalent WARNING: ACTS NON-POLAR TODAY

  26. Intermolecular Forces Review • Intermolecular Forces: the attraction holding 2 or more molecules together • Types: Dispersion, Dipole-Dipole, Hydrogen bonding • Bonds: the force holding 2 or more atoms together within a molecule

  27. Types of Inter-Molecular Forces (IMF) (see posters for review!) • Dispersion: (weakest) • found in non-polar molecules • Dipole: (stronger) • attracts polar molecules together • Hydrogen bond: (strongest) • molecules with O-H, N-H, or F-H bonds

  28. Which substances dissolved in water? • Non-polar molecules? • vegetable oil, styrofoam • Polar molecules? • ethanol, citric acid • Ionic compounds? • copper chloride, calcium carbonate

  29. Like dissolves Like • Water is polar • This means that a water molecule has both a positive and a negative side (these are the two “poles”) • Water dissolves ionic and polar molecules best • Ionic molecules contain positive and negative ions • Polar molecules have positive and negative “sides”

  30. Like dissolves Like • Polar dissolves polar. • Ethanol and water • Nonpolar dissolves nonpolar. • Hexane and oil • Nonpolar will NOT dissolve with polar • oil (nonpolar) and water (polar) will NOT mix

  31. Dissolving an ionic solid in H2O NaCl (aq)  Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) The ions will break apart, each ion is attracted to the polar water molecules

  32. When molecules dissolve….Intermolecular forces attract molecules to water

  33. Note: when covalent molecules dissolve….The molecules do NOT break apart into individual atoms or ions

  34. Nonpolar Compounds DO NOT dissolve in water Dipole attractions (between water molecules) Non-polar substance (ex: oil)

  35. How does soap work? Soap has both a POLAR/CHARGED part (attracts to water) NONPOLAR part (attracts to oil) So, soap allows us to “dissolve” oil in water and clean our hands!

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