Unit 8

1. Unit 8 “The Twenties”

2. “What effects did post world war I tensions have on America’s founding ideals of equality, freedom and rights.”

4. Causes of Economic Tensions • Factories closed down after the war • 4 million veterans came home

5. Effects • By 1920 five million people were unemployed • recession • crime increased

7. Causes of Labor tensions • Government stopped supporting unions • Businesses reduced wages and neglected working conditions

8. Effects • Calls for an end to capitalism • Violent Strikes erupted across the country • Union workers (WOBBLIES) were targeted

10. Causes of Political Tensions • 1919 bombs go off in cities across the country • Attorney General Mitchell Palmer is targeted

11. Radicalism • A point of view favoring extreme change

12. Anarchism • Opposed all systems of government

13. Socialism • Government controls some businesses • Economic equality • Changes should occur peacefully

14. Communism • Karl Marx • Government ownership of all businesses and farms • Classless society in which everyone would share in the wealth equally • Workers must revolt violently against the owners

15. Red Scare • Post war fear of radicals and communists

16. 5th Amendment • 5th Amendment- Cannot be Jailed without due process of law or a fair court hearing or trial • 6th Amendment – right to a jury trial that is speedy. An impartial jury does not favor either side. Defendant has the right to a lawyer • 8th Amendment – excessive bail shall not be required nor excessive fines imposed nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted

22. Effect • Palmer has Thousands arrested without warrants or evidence • Violation of the 7th amendment • Mobs attack suspected radicals

24. Causes of Social Tensions • Immigration to the U.S GREW AFTER THE WAR • Nativists called for restrictions

25. effects • Emergency Immigration Act of 1921 created a quota • The K.K.K reemerged

26. Leo Frank

28. The Sacco and Vanzetti trial • Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were put on trial for the murder of two armed payroll guards in Braintree, Mass in 1920

29. Crime and Investigation Timeline April 15th • Two Slater and Morrill Shoe factory paymaster guards were shot and killed • 5 “Italian” looking suspects in a dark blue touring car • Felt-capped man shot and killed Beradelli • One suspect took Beradelli’s .38 revolver

30. April 18th • A dark blue Buick was found in the woods in West. Bridgewater, Mass • Italilan Anarchist FeruccioCoacci,a worker at the Slater and Morill factory is to be deported. • Coacci claims he needs time to be with his wife. • Immigration officials find out his wife is not sick and He wants to leave immediately. • Coacci is deported three days after the crime. • Police believe Coacci was involved in the murder at his factory.

31. April 18th • Police went to his home and met Mike Boda. Police found tire marks that looked like the Buick • Boda said his car was at a garage for work. • Police go to the garage and find an Overland. They tell the garage to call them when Boda stops by to pick up the car • Police return to Coacci’s house to talk with Boda. Boda is missing.

32. May 5 • Boda stops by the garage with Sacco and Vaznetti to get his car • Police are called • Police arrest Sacco and Vanzetti on a trolley. • Sacco has a .32 Colt and Vanzetti has .38 • Vanzetti has a phampletannoncing an anarchist Rally

33. Maybe they were guilty • The Hat at the crime scene according to a witness was worn by Sacco at work • A Ballistic expert testified that bullet three that killed Beradelli came from Sacco’s colt .32 • 7 eyewitnesses despite questions did ID Sacco • 4 eyewitnesses did see Vanzetti

34. Maybe they were not guilty • Alibi witnesses placed Sacco at the Italian consulate picking up a passport and not at the crime scene • Witnesses saw Vanzetti selling Fish on the 15th of April • Witnesses were more certain of the suspects identify at the trial than right after the murder and Police lineups only included Sacco and Vanzetti • Testimony shows witnesses were harassed into identifying Sacco and Vanzetti • A friend of Vanzetti testified that he sold the gun to Vanzetti and that it was not the same gun that may have been stolen from the dead paymaster. • Defense Ballistic experts said bullet III did not come from sacco’s gun.

35. New Questions emerge after the trial • A prisoner Mederiosdid confess to the crime in 1925 but he could not give a detailed description of the crime or the crime scene • The hole found in the hat at the crime scene was not caused by putting on a nail at the shoe factory but instead police made it by mistake • The ballistic expert who said bullet III came from the .32 of Sacco’s actually told the prosecutor privately during the trial he didn’t think the bullet matched the gun.

36. New Questions after the trial • Investigators matched the hairs in the hat to Sacco • Witness that said he saw Sacco in Boston admitted he lied about this because an Anarchist group told him to. • A more modern ballistic test just before the execution was scheduled showed bullet III came from Sacco’s gun.

37. New Questions after the trial • The autopsy surgeon during the trial said that four bullets from Beradelli all matched one gun (had to have been one gunman) HOWEVER, Witness testimony said Sacco did not shoot • New ballistic evidence showed three of the bullets came from a Savage Revolver and one bullet from Sacco’s Colt .32. (more than one gunman or….) • The prosecution tampered with evidence and had a bullet fired from Sacco’s gun and replaced one of the four bullets from the savage.

38. Who did it and Who didn’t?