Ahmed Alharthi April 25, 2014 UCCS

1. Methodology for Choosing Datacenter for Cloud Providers in West Africa Region Ahmed AlharthiApril 25, 2014UCCS Master’s Project Report Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

2. Agenda • Introduction • Why Africa • The proposed Methodology • Selection Results • Lessons Learned • Future Work • Conclusion Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

3. Motivation • Lack of information regarding to data centers in Africa. • Demand of the services • In globalizations movement, Africa was neglected • Cloud provider numbers Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

4. Cloud providers Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

5. Why Africa ? Number of data centers Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

6. Number of Data Centers around the World Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

7. Growing Demand from Africa Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

8. Research Plan • Research the process for selecting the best locations to build data centers for cloud providers in West Africa. • Main Considerations: Network performance, Costs, Submarine cable. Other factors : Environmental, Economical and Politics stabilities. Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

9. Goal • Develop a methodology to suggest the best locations for setting up data centers for cloud providers. • Significance • Connect Africa to the world in efficient way. Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

10. Related Work • McConnell A., Parr G.P., Mc Clean S.I., Khan, K [38] • KhosrowEbrahimi, Gerard F. Jones, and Amy S. Fleischer [11] • In terms of Africa’s network connectivity, M. Zennaro, E. Canessa, K.R. Sreenivasan , A.A. Rehmatullah and R.L. [12] • Sanjay M. Parekh, Robert B. Friedman, Neal K. Tibrewala, and Benjamin Lutch [28] Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

11. Geographical & Climate Characteristics of the region • Climate & topography of the continent • Tornados & Hurricanes & Tsunami • Earthquake • Politic Systems on the region • Economic Status Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

12. Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

13. Africa Submarine Cables Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

14. How Intel/HP Select their Data Center Locations • Intel Considerations are : WAN infrastructure, availability of water for cooling, costs workforce, water, power or landscape. • HP Considerations are: quality of the land their size, price and geographic location, the availability of power and communication network in the region, cost of operations including electricity, water, network access, free cooling. Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

15. The Proposed Methodology • Methodology is mix of Intel , HP and IBM approaches • Main considerations : • Costs of Powering, Cooling and landscape. • Communication network and their capabilities. Secondary considerations : • Politics status • Geographical & Climate location • Submarine cables • Economy Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

16. Decision Process for Selecting Countries to Host Public Cloud Senegal, Guinea, Liberia, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Cameron, Cote d'ivoire, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Namibia. Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

17. Results of Decision Process Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

18. Network measurements • Latency • Round Trip Time • Packet loss • Bandwidth Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

19. System and Tools for Measurement • Network measurements Amazon Linux AMI 2014.03.1 machines In Singapore, Sydney and Sao Paulo Linux commands : Ping and Traceroute • Tool used : • Nmap(Network mapper) • Visual route Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

20. Network measurements from North America • From Colorado 128.198.49.171 Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

21. Network measurements from East Asia (Singapore) 54.255.149.162 Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

22. Network measurements from East Asia (Sydney) • 54.206.48.231 Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

23. Network measurements from South America (Brazil) • 54.255.149.162 Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

24. Detailed Stat Related to Ghana Ghana Observation • [aalharth@walrus cs701]$ ping -c 10 197.253.65.36 • PING 197.253.65.36 (197.253.65.36) 56(84) bytes of data. • 64 bytes from 197.253.65.36: icmp_seq=1 ttl=43 time=981 ms • 64 bytes from 197.253.65.36: icmp_seq=2 ttl=43 time=983 ms • 64 bytes from 197.253.65.36: icmp_seq=3 ttl=43 time=973 ms • 64 bytes from 197.253.65.36: icmp_seq=4 ttl=43 time=968 ms • 64 bytes from 197.253.65.36: icmp_seq=5 ttl=43 time=972 ms • 64 bytes from 197.253.65.36: icmp_seq=6 ttl=43 time=960 ms • 64 bytes from 197.253.65.36: icmp_seq=7 ttl=43 time=1003 ms • 64 bytes from 197.253.65.36: icmp_seq=9 ttl=43 time=967 ms • 64 bytes from 197.253.65.36: icmp_seq=10 ttl=43 time=972 ms • --- 197.253.65.36 ping statistics --- • 10 packets transmitted, 9 received, 10% packet loss, time 8997ms • rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 960.481/975.940/1003.880/11.900 ms, pipe 2 core4.LDN-London.as6453.net is the last node connecting to Ghana Goes to WASC submarine cables operated by TATA. Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

25. Formula for Estimating Costs • Estimating the Coast of Space, Cooling and Powering Data Center • Estimation based on HP “Cost model for planning, development and operation of a data center” • Assumptions • Facility size is 30,000 sq ft • 10 MW datacenter • %50 occupied Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

26. Cost of Renting Spaces Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

27. Cost of Power Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

28. Cost of Cooling Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

29. Total Cost Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

30. Selection Results Ranking the countries based on RTT Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

31. Selection Results • Bandwidth Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

32. Selection Results • Total Space, Power and Cooling costs Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

33. Nigeria is Optimal Location • Network capability among the best and stable • High (5)submarine cables • Cheapest power price per Kwh. • Lowest total cost including space, power and cooling. • #1 Economy in the region. • Largest number of Internet users, 49M. • Stable politic system. • Center of the region geographically Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

34. Lessons Learned • Collecting data • Learn about IT in Africa. • Talk to students, IBM, HP, ISP providers, realtors • Language barrier. • Gathering real estate data • Conflicts data • Technical Challenges • Understanding cables systems • Track packets • Network tools • Web servers • Locating servers Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

35. Future Work • Collect additional relevant data to select the best location of data center for a cloud provider. • The data gathered from latency, round trip time and bandwidth should be gained from relevant data center of a cloud provider in real world. • Examine ping and trace utility data multiple times in different times. Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

36. Conclusion • Senegal, Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa are the ideal locations to host data center for cloud provider. • Nigeria has the most suitable features to host one. • Africa has a good opportunity to host datacenter for a cloud provide. • Costs of datacenter may be vary from city to other one. Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

37. References • Amazon Web Services. (2014). Global Infrastructure. Retrieved from http://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/globalinfrastructure/ • Rath, John. DATA CENTER SITE SELECTION. Tech. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. • "BlackSwanZine." Data Center: 10 Places You Don’t Want toBuild. Blackswanzine, 2010. Web. 2 Jan. 2014. • [4] Chang, Shin-Jyh Frank, SusmitHarihar Patel, and James Marc Withers. "An optimization model to determine data center locations for the army enterprise."Military CommunicationsConference, 2007. MILCOM 2007. IEEE. IEEE, 2007. • [5] Hugos, M. H., & Hulitzky, D. (2011). Business in the cloud: What every business needs to know about cloud computing. New York: Wiley. • [6] Lanier, J. (2013). Who owns the future?. London: Allen Lane. • [7] Wang, L. (2012). Cloud computing: Methodology, systems, and applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. • [8] Agrawal, G. P. (2010). Fiber-optic communication systems (Vol. 222). John Wiley & Sons. • [9] "How to Meet a Growing Need for More Data Center Capacity."Http://www.ibm.com/us/en/. IBM, Sept. 2012. Web. Oct. 2013. • [10] Nozick, Linda K., and Mark A. Turnquist. "A two-echelon inventory allocation and distribution center location analysis." Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 37.6 (2001): 425-441. • [11] Ebrahimi, Khosrow, Gerard F. Jones, and Amy S. Fleischer. "A review of data center cooling technology, operating conditions and the corresponding low-grade waste heat recovery opportunities." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 31 (2014): 622-638. • [12] Zennaro, M., et al. "Scientific Measure of Africa's Connectivity." Information Technologies & International Development 3.1 (2006). • [13] Nozick, Linda K., and Mark A. Turnquist. "A two-echelon inventory allocation and distribution center location analysis." Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 37.6 (2001): 425-441. • [14] Cloud Computing in Africa Situation and Perspectives. Tech. ITU, 20 Apr. 2012. Web. Feb.-Mar. 2014. • [15] Data Center Map." - Colocation, Cloud, Managed Hosting Etc.N.p., n.d. Web. Mar. 2014. <http://www.datacentermap.com/>. • [16] Submarine Telecoms INDUSTRY REPORT. Rep. Terabit Consulting, 2013. Web. • [17] African Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania. African Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania. Web. 15 Feb. 2014. • [18] Pappa, Farrah. "The Do's and Dont's of Data Center Planning." The Do's and Dont's of Data Center Planning. Web. 15 Feb. 2014. • [19] Map of Earthquakes Today." Map of Earthquakes Today. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. • [20] Earthquakes .Web. Feb. 2014. <Earthquake Hazards Program>. Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

38. References • [21] P&S. "Tsunami Strikes African Coast." Tsunami Strikes African Coast. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. • [22] "Nigeria Economy Set to Leapfrog South Africa on Data Revamp."Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg, 7 May 2014. Web. 11 Apr. 2014. • [23] Nigeria. Official Website. Web. Feb. 2014. <http://www.nigeria.gov.ng/index.php>. • [24] "Selecting A Data Center Site: Intel's Approach." N.p., Feb. 2014. Web. Feb. 2014. <http://connectedsocialmedia.com/intel/7426/it-best-practices-data-center-site-selection/> • [25] Selecting a Location for an HPC Data Centre. Tech. N.p.: n.p., 2013. Web. <http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.prace-project.eu/IMG/pdf/hpc-centre-location-whitepaper-2.pdf>. • [26] "Africa’s International Bandwidth Growth to Lead the World." Africa's International Bandwidth Growth to Lead the World. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Mar. 2014. • [27] Hurricanes VS Tornadoes. Diffen, n.d. Web. Mar. 2014. • [28] Parekh, Sanjay M., et al. "Systems and methods for determining collecting and using geographic locations of Internet users." U.S. Patent No. 6,757,740. 29 Jun. 2004. • [29] Nmap Free Security Scannar. Web. Jan. 2014. <http://nmap.org/>. • [30] TATA, n.d. Web. Apr. 2014. <http://lg.as6453.net/bin/lg.cgi>. • [31] Patel, Chandrakant D., and Amip J. Shah. "Cost model for planning, development and operation of a data center." (2005). • [32] "Nigeria Becomes Africa's Biggest Economy." BBC. N.p., 06 Apr. 2014. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. <www.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-26913497%E2%80%8E>. • [33] "Cloud Uptake Set to Explode Across Africa." Cisco. Web. 26 Mar. 2014. <http://www.cisco.com/web/ZA/press/2013/112813.html>. • [34] Hanson, Stephanie. "Nigeria’s Creaky Political System." Council on Foreign Relations, Apr. 2007. Web. <http://www.cfr.org/nigeria/nigerias-creaky-political-system/p13079>. • [35] "Top 10 Internet Countries in Africa." PC Tech Magazine. N.p., Feb. 2014. Web. Apr. 2014. <http://pctechmag.com/2014/02/top-10-internet-countries-in-africa/>. • [36] "Political System." Wikipedia. Web. Mar. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_system>. • [37] "GLOBAL BROADBAND." Netindex. N.p., n.d. Web. Feb. 2014. <www.netindex.com>. • [38] McConnell, A., et al. "Selecting a Data C based Location." Ahmed- Public Cloud Location in Africa

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