Human Systems Integration (HSI) Program

1. Headquarters U.S. Air Force Fly – Fight – Win Human Systems Integration (HSI) Program INCOSE Space Coast Chapter Dr. Fran Greene for Colonel Larry Kimm AF Human Systems Integration Office Office of the Vice Chief of Staff 7 Feb 08

2. Overview • What is Human Systems Integration? – and what it is not • Policy overview for HSI • Link with SE and INCOSE • HSI for the Air Force • Examples of HSI impact • Air Force Human Systems Integration Office • Structure and accomplishments

3. Human Systems Integration • Human factors? • Human factors engineering? • Human engineering? • Applied behavioral psychology? • Does Human Factors = Human Systems Integration..........?

4. HSI is more than Human Factors Where is the fuel door in that rental car? Plugging hair dryer into hotel receptacle At last! – a visual! Work Methods? More forklifts! FL DoT?

5. Three Mile Island? Maybe not so much common sense in design, but in adaptation to bad design! Beer tap handles mounted atop similar-looking knobs in control room of a nuclear power plant to help operators distinguish between them. [Original photograph by Joseph L. Seminara, scanned from Norman [1988, page 95]

6. What is HSI? • Human Systems Integration: interdisciplinary technical and management processes for integrating human considerations within and across all system elements; an) essential enabler to systems engineering practice(INCOSE, 2007 • Integrates nine human-centered domains: manpower, personnel, environment, training, safety, human factors engineering, occupational health, survivability and habitability – single voice for the HUMAN

7. The Voice for the Human - HSI

8. Identify System Design Considerations We shape our buildings; thereafter, our buildings shape us.-- Winston Churchill Political, Social & Tech feasibility Functionality (performance) Producibility Maintainability Suitability Environment Quality Disposability Safety Economic Feasibility Occupational Health System Design Considerations Manufacture Habitability Flexibility (growth potential) Survivability Human Factors ( and Ergonomics) Reliability Supportability Manpower Training Personnel Source: Blanchard & Fabrycky, Systems Engineering and Analysis, 2006, pp. 35

9. What HSI Is........... • HSI is part of the system engineering process • Total Ownership costs must be Measure of Effectiveness in system trade-off studies vs. Acquisition costs [KPP – Lifecycle costs] • Sub-systems must be designed with HSI before integrating the system • Company/agency must be organized to implement systems engineering • Tradition/Culture is an impediment to implementing HSI – culture change needed

10. The Resurgence of Systems Engineering within the Department of Defense • Cascades to Industry • Is Recognized by INCOSE • Creates a need for more SE – affects education and training of tomorrow’s Systems Engineers • DoD is eager to develop Systems Engineers • HSI executes within existing processes of Systems Engineering • We need your support and help – Industry and Students

11. Systems Engineering Revitalization • Wynne policy memo, 2004, “...all programs responding to a capabilities or requirements document, regardless of acquisition category, shall apply a robust systems engineering approach that balances total system performance and total ownership costs within the family-of-systems, system-of-systems context.”

12. Systems Engineering and Acquisition • Codifies SE revitalization – DoDI 5000.2 • Defense Acquisition Guide – Chapter 4, Best practices for “applied” SE • New career field within DoD – Program Systems Engineer – 1 Oct 07 • Defense Acquisition University – courses to certify the PSE career field

13. New AFPD 63/20-1 -Acquisition and Sustainment Life Cycle Management • Paragraph 4.14 Acquisition and sustainment activities shall apply Systems Engineering processes and practices throughout the life cycle, from the definition of concepts to meet user needs to disposal. Systems Engineering will be used to conceive, evolve, verify, deploy, monitor, support, and sustain the performance of fielded products and systems against achievable requirementsdeveloped in response to validated capability needs.

14. New AFPD 63/20-1 -Acquisition and Sustainment Life Cycle Management (cont) • 4.14.....Systems Engineering will provide for reliable, flexible, timely, and cost-effective support throughout the life cycle. Systems Engineering processes shall be used to continuously monitor, review, and assess systems, subsystems, and end items. All weapon systems and non-services programs shall have an approved Systems Engineering Plan (SEP) that is maintained and updated for the life of the system.

15. HSI and Systems Engineering • We execute WITHIN Systems Engineering – DoDI 5000.2, Enclosure 7, Human Systems Integration: • “The PM shall have a comprehensive plan for HSI in place early in the acquisition process ...ensure that the system is built to accommodate the characteristics of the user population that will operate, maintain, and support the system...

16. HSI in INCOSE Handbook • References to Human Systems Integration are throughout the new Version 3.1 • CSEP studying reveals all the links to Human in the latest Handbook • Added to Specialty Engineering – Chapter 9, Appendix M and throughout other chapters

17. Current HSI Status: Policy • DoDD 5000.1 • “The Program Manager shall apply human systems integration to optimize total system performance (hardware, software, and human), operational effectiveness, and suitability, survivability, safety, and affordability.” • DoDI 5000.2 • “The purpose of the SDD phase is to … implement human systems integration (HSI)….” • “The Program Manager shall have a comprehensive plan for HSI in place early in the acquisition process to optimize total system performance, minimize total ownership costs, and ensure that the system is built to accommodate the characteristics of the user …”

18. Current HSI Status: Policy Overview • Defense Acquisition Guide, Ver. 1.5, 2005 • Chapter 4 – Systems Engineering • Chapter 6 – Human Systems Integration

19. IOC FOC A B C Concept Refinement Technology Development System Development And Demonstration Production and Deployment Operations and Support Sustainment Pre-SystemsAcquisition Systems Acquisition Human Systems Integration Activity Human Related Costs Hardware & Software Costs Human Related Costs Usually ~ 67% of Total Ownership Costs Human Systems Integration:"Why do HSI?" Human Related Costs 1955-present 1978-present

20. Decisions made here... lock in 80-90% of costs here... R&D / T&E Procurement Ops / Support COST ... and determine mission capability here 33 % • 65 % FY98 FY02 FY06 FY10 FY14 FY24 FY32 FY40 FY48 TIME Early Decisions Drive Total Ownership Cost Human Systems Integration:When to do HSI? Life cycle cost profile for DDG-51* - Navy

21. Good....and not so good – HSI examples • Air Force has not had HSI program implemented to verify, trace or compute value added • Retrospective views of HSI – put on your HSI glasses to peer into some Air Force aviation programs ...... • Soon you’ll be convinced HSI is ubiquitous

22. Human Systems Integration:HSI in Acquisitions • F-22 Raptor • Conducted Maintenance AFSC structure studies • Proposed ACC maintenance restructure • Training Issues • Appropriate AFSCs • Integrated Training • MPT analyses offered three options for specialties: • 15, 10, or 7 • Max cost savings: 10 Source: AF submission to 2007 HASC Report • Early HSI analyses cut total manpower and personnel requirements

23. Human Systems Integration:C-17 Refueling and Manpower • C-17 Globemaster • Fueling station design change reduced manpower required from three to one • Early HSI analyses decreased cost by making the job easier and the people more effective Domains Affected Manpower, Personnel, Training Human Factors Safety

24. Human Systems Integration:B-2 Maintenance Manpower • B-2 Spirit • "Maytag Repairman" Syndrome • Low utilization of manpower • Task analysis / job structuring - appropriate? • Initial B-2 manpower force template identical to B-52 • Low utilization rates = technicians "unemployed" • Not cost effective or efficient • Maintaining proficiency very difficult • Early HSI analyses not done, could raise utilization rates and cut total manpower Domains Affected Manpower Personnel Training

25. Human Systems Integration:Real World Consumer Example • Cellular Telephone • Requirements? • Phone calls • Camera • Email • Texting • Web access • Measures of effectiveness • Time • Accuracy • Key strokes • Tradeoffs - features vs. cost • Requirements • adult vs. teenager vs. college student • Speed of texting, ease of entering data, speech recognition, speed dial, camera, internet access • Metrics – size, weight, access, size of keys, ring tones, etc. or

26. INCOSE Top Messages • HSI is implemented in systems engineering – we need your help! • INCOSE Working group ~ 140 participants • 2007 NM meeting - Accomplishments • 2007 June International Meeting • Jan 2008 NM meeting • Integrate Practices, Integrate Practitioners, Learn, Inform, Document, Develop repository, Educate, Socialize

27. INCOSE SE Handbook, Version 3.1, Aug 07

28. HSI in INCOSE SE Handbook, Version 3.1August 2007 • Working group submitted verbiage for HSI at INCOSE meeting, Jun 2007; Accepted and published, Aug 2007 • HSI found: • 4.3.5, Requirements Analysis Process; • 4.4.5, Architectural Design Process; • 4.5.5, Implementation Process; • 4.6, Integration Process; • 4.8, Implementation Process; • 8.10, Verification

29. HSI in INCOSE SE Handbook, Version 3.1August 2007 • Handbook Paragraph 9.4, Human Systems Integration (Specialty Engineering Activities) • Appendix G.1 – HSI shall be part of Systems Engineering Plan • “... The approach and methods used to define the performance and functional requirements for the following areas of SE and Specialty Engineering should also be documented.......Human Systems Integration...”

30. Appendix M – 11 pages Human Systems Integration

31. HSI in Systems Engineering • HSI Working / Interest Group Formed – INCOSE • INCOSE Vision 2020 recommended HSI involvement • AF Center for Systems Engineering took team leadership • INCOSE Handbook section published Aug 2007 • HSI learning seminar hosted by INCOSE, June 2007 • Another seminar occurred at 2008 annual workshop • Integrating the Human in Every System - April 2008 INSIGHT

32. 2009 INCOSE International Symposium

33. Continued Work with SE • SE and HSI – how do we work together? • Education and Training – thoughts on SE curriculum • Baseline study underway • Masters degrees in HSI?, Need for Certification? • INCOSE WMA chapter meeting on HSI • This briefing to INCOSE Space Coast • CSEP Certification – two staff members

34. Our AFHSI Office

35. AF HSI Office USAF AF HSI Office AF HSI Office Human Systems Integration: Vision and Mission Vision Integrate Air Force people and technology for total systems performance Mission Support the Human Weapons System by ensuring all AF warfighting systems are designed, built, operated, and sustained in a manner that optimizes human performance at every warfighter level

36. Human Systems Integration:Program Objectives • IntegrateHSI into functional domains • InstitutionalizeHSI as the way of doing business • Sustainthrough collaboration with OSD, sister services, industry and academia • Improveour processes through feedback and lessons learned

37. AFHSI – Office Structure and Accomplishments • Policy and Guidance – our charter, given need for oversight of the HSI program in the Air Force (Air Staff responsibility) • Research, Development, Test, and Engineering – professionals must have a toolkit • Education and Training – recruit, train, retain • Implementation and Execution – boots on the ground, making HSI a reality

38. AFHSIO Pillars and Activity • Policy and Guidance • AFPD 63/20-1, Acquisition and Sustainment Life Cycle Management in final coordination • Draft AFI 63-XXXX, Human Systems Integration • Initial draft complete and under review • Send for formal coordination in April 2008 • AFI 99-103, Capabilities Based Test and Evaluation and AF Operational Test and Evaluation Guidebook under review for HSI updates

39. AFHSIO Pillars and Activity • Research, Development, Test, and Engineering • Industry SE and HSI Tool Analysis • DoD laboratory technology analysis • NASA and DoD standards reviews • Functional needs analysis to define HSI requirements for tools • MAJCOM test center and Logistics Center project looking at tools and processes • INCOSE and NDIA collaboration • HSI communication tools—Wiki and website

40. AFHSIO Pillars and Activity • Education and Training • Baseline study underway • HSI in courses or be added – Systems Engineering and Human Factors degree programs – Jun 2008 • Workshop with thought leaders – Jul/Aug 08 • KSAs for HSI Professionals • Career path for HSI Professionals • Training continuum • Pipeline within academia/service academies • Issue of CERTIFICATION • Working with INCOSE on ABET* accreditation *Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology

41. AFHSIO Pillars and Activity • Implementation and Execution • Formed Field level working group for HSI • AF HSI Integrated Product Team and Board of Advisors named • Leading Tri-Service HSI Working Group • Building Joint Strategy with Field Units • Futures Study underway – Potomac Institute • AF HSI Primer available at this meeting upon request • Air Staff briefed / trained • Three HSI workshops planned and funded • AF HSI report in Joint report to OSD & HASC • Systems Engineering Plans being written for AF programs

42. AF Human Systems Integration Top 5 Issues • Economics • Education and Training • Future Concepts – Integration in SE • Common Terminology • Tools and Methodologies

43. What does HSI mean outside DoD? • Industry/Government partnerships • HSI certification, if implemented, may affect you – we need your input and issues • Systems Engineering Education and Training issues, both for degree programs and courses in HSI • We all need professionals – GS, Military, Contractors –we will all work together • We have to recruit, train and educate HSI professionals • HSI makes sense for all products!

44. Total Force Integration SYSTEMS SYSTEM HARDWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE MISSIONS HUMANS HUMANS Lean Processes Human Factors Engr Manpower Personnel Occupational Health Habitability Training Environment Safety Survivability Putting it All Together“Integration is Key” Multiple Players 1 Voice • Lethality • Reliability • Availability • Maintainability • Supportability • Interoperability • Usability • Suitability • Sustainability • Survivability • Safety • Affordability Engineering Systems Human System Integration (HSI)

45. Summary • HSI is in Policy – flow down to all levels within DoD and Industry – you will DO HSI • FY08 NDAA language means accountability at high level • HSI is more than just human factors engineering – HUMAN voice • HSI certification is possible requirement • We have many challenges and need your participation and support

46. Human Systems Integration AF Human Systems Integration Dr Rick Drawbaugh, Principal HSI Team: Col Larry Kimm Lt Col Alvis Headen Lt Col Valerie Martindale Maj Scott Nemmers Mr Larry Carr Dr Fran Greene Ms Gretchen Lizza Ms Stephanie Simper Mr Jeff Sventek Contact: Larry.Kimm@pentagon.af.mil Frances.Greene.ctr@pentagon.af.mil