Unit 7 Vocabulary

1. Unit 7 Vocabulary • Watson & Crick • Rosalind Franklin • DNA • What are the 3 parts of DNA? • What 4 bases does DNA use? • Nucleotide • complementary bases • complementary strands • What makes strands complementary? • DNA replication • Helicase • DNA polymerase • Why must DNA be replicated? • Is DNA replication a part of mitosis, meiosis, or both? • RNA • What are the 3 parts of RNA? • What 4 bases does RNA use? • messenger RNA (mRNA) • Transcription • RNA polymerase • ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • Translation • transfer RNA (tRNA) • Codon • AUG • UGA, UAA, UAG • Anticodon • amino acids • Polypeptide • Protein • Ribosome • central dogma of molecular biology • Enzyme • Chromosome • Gene • Trait • Mutation • Mutagen • Nondisjunction • Deletion • Duplication • Inversion • Translocation • Substitution • Downs syndrome • eugenics

2. James Watson Francis Crick Unit 7 Vocabulary • Watson & Crick- scientists who discovered the structure of DNA in 1953 Rosalind Franklin Franklin’s Picture of DNA 2. Rosalind Franklin- scientist who first photographed DNA

3. Unit 7 Vocabulary 3. DNA- hereditary molecule that carries genetic code for proteins (traits) 4. What are the 3 parts of DNA?- deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, base (A, T, C, G) 5. What 4 bases does DNA use?- adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

4. Unit 7 Vocabulary 6. nucleotide- the building block of DNA & RNA; composed of a phosphate group, sugar, and base 7. complementary bases- bases that chemically bond together, such as A-T or C-G 8. complementary strands- long strings of bases that chemically bond together, such as GATTACA and CTAATGT 9. What makes strands complementary? all of their bases are complementary to each other

5. Unit 7 Vocabulary 10. DNA replication- the process of making two identical molecules of DNA 11. DNA polymerase- enzyme that aids in DNA replication by adding complementary nucleotides to template strand 12. ligase- enzyme that aids in DNA replication by connecting segments of nucleotides

6. Unit 7 Vocabulary 13. Why must DNA be replicated?- so that there is a complete copy of DNA for each new daughter cell when a cell divides 14. Is DNA replication a part of mitosis, meiosis, or both?- both Growth DNA Replication Growth

7. Unit 7 Vocabulary 15. RNA- ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that is used as a temporary genetic code 16. What are the 3 parts of RNA?- ribose sugar, phosphate group, base (A, U, C, G) 17. What 4 bases does RNA use?- adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine

8. Unit 7 Vocabulary 18. messenger RNA (mRNA)- molecule that carries the code of DNA in the nucleus to the rest of the cell 19. Transcription- the process of synthesizing RNA using DNA as a template 20. RNA polymerase- enzyme that synthesizes RNA using DNA as a template Nucleus RNA 21. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- the type of RNA that is folded to create a ribosome RNApolymerase DNA

9. Unit 7 Vocabulary 22. translation- the process of creating a polypeptide chain using the genetic code carried by mRNA 23. transfer RNA (tRNA)- molecule that transfers amino acids to the ribosome amino acid amino acid amino acid anticodon

10. Unit 7 Vocabulary 24. codon- a group of 3 nucleotides (bases) that codes for 1 amino acid 25. AUG- the start codon; also codes for methionine 26. UGA, UAA, UAG- the stop codons; do not code for any amino acid but instead terminate translation Codon = 3 nucleotides

11. Unit 7 Vocabulary 27. anticodon- 3 nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that complement a mRNA codon amino acid anticodon

12. Unit 7 Vocabulary 28. amino acids- the building blocks of proteins; 20 types 29. polypeptide- a long chain of bonded amino acids 30. protein- a folded polypeptide Protein Polypeptide

13. Unit 7 Vocabulary 31. ribosome- the organelle responsible for linking together amino acids; the “protein factories” of the cell

14. Unit 7 Vocabulary 32. central dogma of molecular biology- the concept that in cells, information always flows from DNA, to RNA, to protein and not in any other order. DNA  RNA  Protein

15. Unit 7 Vocabulary 33. enzyme- a biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions, such as DNA polymerase

16. Unit 7 Vocabulary 34. chromosome- a molecule of DNA that contains 100’s to 1000’s of genes 35. gene- the factors that are passed from parent to offspring; code for a trait 36. trait- a specific characteristic, such as height, of an individual

17. Unit 7 Vocabulary 37. mutation- a change in the sequence of DNA; may be positive, negative, or have no effect 38. mutagen- a substance that causes mutations; Ex: UV light

18. Unit 7 Vocabulary 39. nondisjunction- the failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis; leads to the production of gametes with too many and too few chromosomes

19. Unit 7 Vocabulary 40. deletion- when a segment of chromosome is lost 41. duplication- when a segment of a chromosomes is copied, resulting in two identical segments 42. inversion- when segments(s) of a chromosome change location on the chromosome 43. translocation- when two non-homologous chromosomes cross over, resulting in a change of location of many gnes

20. Unit 7 Vocabulary 44. substitution- a type of gene mutation where one base is replaced with another Substitutions:

21. Unit 7 Vocabulary 45. Downs syndrome- a genetic disorder where a person have 3 copies of chromosome #21, resulting in a total of 47 chromosomes

22. Unit 7 Vocabulary 46. eugenics- the science of improving a human population through selective breeding practices