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Chapter 14 Part 1 Coral Reefs Classification Biology Diversity Feeding/Nutrition

Chapter 14 Part 1 Coral Reefs Classification Biology Diversity Feeding/Nutrition. Coral Classification . Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Cnidaria (Hatschek, 1888) Class: Anthozoa (Ehrenberg, 1831). Scleractinian Corals. Calcium carbonate skeleton (CaCO 3 ) Polyps

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Chapter 14 Part 1 Coral Reefs Classification Biology Diversity Feeding/Nutrition

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  1. Chapter 14Part 1Coral ReefsClassificationBiologyDiversityFeeding/Nutrition

  2. Coral Classification • Domain: Eukaryota • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Cnidaria (Hatschek, 1888) • Class: Anthozoa (Ehrenberg, 1831)

  3. Scleractinian Corals • Calcium carbonate skeleton (CaCO3) • Polyps • Symbiodinium sp. (zooxanthellae) • Hermatypic – • Contain Symbiodinium • Reef-building • Ahermatypic • Most do not contain Symbiodinium • Not reef-building

  4. Coral Classification

  5. Coral Biology coenosarc Figure 14-2. Cutaway view of one of the polyps in a coral colony and of the calcium carbonate skeleton underneath.

  6. Coral Biology • Radial symmetry • One opening (mouth) • Gastrodermis – tissue lining stomach • Septum – increase stomach lining area and contain reproductive cells • Basal plate - calciferous ring with 6 supporting radial ridges. The ridges grow vertically and project into the base of the polyp. This drawing depicts the basic anatomy of a hard coral polyp. Artwork Credit: NOAA/Gini Kennedy

  7. Calcium Carbonate Skeletons • CO2 + H20  H2CO3 • (carbonic acid – weak acid) • H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- • (carbonate ion) • H+ ion helps to neutralize by combining with OH- to form H20 • Carbonate ion will also: • HCO3- H+ + CO32- (bicarbonate ion) • Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3 • TAKES ENERGY – Where does it come from?

  8. Coral Polyps Most corals are made up of hundreds to hundreds of thousands of individual coral polyps like these. The tissue is only millimeters thick. Night Day

  9. Symbiodinium (zooxanthellae) are found in the gastrodermal layer of tissue in the coral at densities greater than 1 million per square inch Porites astreoides Symbiodinium photo by S. R. Santos

  10. Symbiodinium Classification • Domain: EukaryotaKingdom: ChromalveolataSuperphylum: AlveolataPhylum: DinoflagellataClass: DinophyceaeOrder: SuessialesFamily: BlastodiniaceaeGenus: Symbiodinium (Freudenthal, 1970) http://www.eol.org/pages/91312

  11. Symbiodinium • Endosymbionts of cnidarians and giant clams • Provide corals up to 100% of energy for survival and reef-building • Corals provide wastes that Symbiodinium uses for photosynthesis. • Symbiodinium provides corals products of photosynthesis for food • Acquired by corals • Ingestion by planula • Transmission from mother to daughter colony through asexual reproduction • Ingestion by coral especially after “bleaching”

  12. Symbiodinium Diversity

  13. Symbiodinium ecologicaldiversity LaJeunesse, 2001

  14. Typical Coral Growth Forms

  15. Caribbean Corals Acropora palmata – A3 Porites astereoides – A4a Montastrea faveolata – B1 Gorgonia ventalina –B1 Porites furcata – A4, B1, C4 Siderastrea siderea – C3 or B5a

  16. Indo-Pacific Corals Platygyra sp. Acropora formosa and Porites sp. Acropora formosa Herpolitha limax Acropora hyacinthus Acropora sp. mix Acropora humilis Porites sp.

  17. Acropora sp. in the Pacific Reef Building Corals: Pacific

  18. Coral Nutrition and Feeding

  19. Coral Nutrition and Feeding Mesenterial filaments secrete digestive enzymes, corals can also use mucus nets, or absorb DOM from the water

  20. Coral Nutrition and Feeding

  21. Love-Hate Relationship with Sunlight Use of sunlight • Necessary for photosynthesis by Symbiodinium • Must protect itself against excess sunlight to avoid “bleaching,” or more accurately, “paling” of Symbiodinium cells • Coral skeleton scatters light to increase absorption when fewer pigments available (Enriquez et al. 2005) GBR 1997-1998 One of worst bleaching events in history

  22. Love-Hate Relationship with Sunlight Protections against too much sunlight • Photoprotection • Pigments, pathways of photosynthesis, others • Coral pigments • Movement of Symbiodinium cells • Diversity of Symbiodinum cells on a single colony Kemp et al 2008

  23. Coral Bleaching • Global climate change and coral bleaching • Warmer oceans + high light = stressed Symbiodinium and corals AND possible death of corals from loss of Symbiodinium www.ncar.ucar.edu lh3.ggpht.com

  24. Coral bleaching video

  25. Coral bleaching 42% of coral cover of GBR lost

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