STRUCTURE IN BUILDINGS

1. STRUCTURE IN BUILDINGS What structural designs are used to stabilize large buildings?

2. World Trade Centre’s

3. Idea of the Inner Core Each tower was supported by a structural core extending from its foundation in the bedrock to the roof. This inner core housed all of the elevator’s and stairwells as well as having a flooring system structurally independent of the outer walls. This entire core structure was 100% steel framed and was made to reduce weight and increase strength. The perimeter walls and the inner core were supported by cross-braces running horizontally all of the way up the buildings. Because of the WTC’s immense height, the steel framed core increased the structures strength, something which would prove to be important.

4. Construction The WTC’s were the first skyscraper’s to be built without any masonry, instead they were mainly steel. When construction had finished in 1971 200,000 ton’s of steel had been used in each tower. Construction process’ which would usually have to be done in sequence could be done quickly and at the same time due to the openness of the hollow structure. The inner core of steel was constructed bit by bit, and the perimeter walls and floors were built around it. By the time the building was finished the steel beams in the core were the length of the building.

6. Destruction On September 11, 2001 two airliners, hijacked by Al Qaeda members were intentionally flown into the World Trade Centres. Within 2 hours of being hit, both towers had collapsed. The manner in which they did however has been hotly debated since. The towers ‘pancaked’ which means the stories falling above caused the ones below to collapse, making the building fall straight down. There remains some doubt regarding this story. Many people believe that the steel inside should have held it up and even if it did collapse that it shouldn’t have pancaked or fallen at the speed it did. Post-9/11 reports have confirmed that the WTC’s were certainly strong enough to withstand the plane crash and that a internal fires wouldn’t have damaged or weakened the structure enough to destroy it.

7. Colosseum

8. The Colosseum was used to host gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of other entertainment. • The Colosseum was the largest ever built.

9. . • The Colosseum is oval shaped with 2 axis, long one is 188 m and the short one 156. The whole building has four floors. There were eighty arches on every floor, divided by pillars with a half column. • The floor was made out of wooden planks then completely covered in sand.

10. The Velarium was made out of sailcloth, attached to spokes of rope. The arches are 4.20 m wide and 7.05 m high, while on the upper floors they are only 6.45 m high. the overall height of the building is 48,5 m.

11. Burj Khalifa

12. The Burj Khalifa is a skyscraper in Dubai and is the tallest man made building in the world standing at an impressive 828m.

13. The design team led by Will Baker and Adrian Smith created the superstructure with the core in a y shaped formation creating a much more stable building.

14. The Spire Nick Flaherty 800m above ground The crowning point on the Burj Khalifa is it’s spire, reaching over 200m it secures the title of worlds tallest building as well finishing the creation off perfectly.

15. Marina Bay Sands

16. Marina Bay Sands The Marina Bay Sands is a integrated resort, on marina bay in Singapore. It is the worlds most expensive resort.

17. Marina Bay Sands - Design Art and science museum Casino Convention centre and Shopping centre Hotel and sands skypark

18. Marina Bays Sands - Skypark The sands skypark is a park at the very top of the resort. It spans the roof tops of the hotel towers and acts as a viewing deck.

19. Taipei 101

20. The Taipei 101 skyscraper is found in Taiwan. • It has an impressive height of 508.2m (1670.6ft). • It was constructed from 1999 – 2004 • It has 101 stories above the ground and 5 underground • The Taipei 101 includes: office, communication, conference room, library, observation, restaurant, retail and a fitness centre.

21. Structure • The Taipei 101 is designed to hold up against typhoon winds and earthquake tremors that are common in this area of Asia. • Taipei 101 is flexible in strong winds enough to prevent large sideways movement. Flexibility prevents structural damage while resistance ensures comfort for the occupants and protection of glass.

22. A Tuned Mass Damper is a device placed in buildings to prevent: discomfort, damage and outright structural failure. The dampers are huge concrete blocks or steel bodies placed in skyscrapers, it moves in opposition to the resonance frequency oscillations of the structure by movement of springs. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYSgd1XSZXc

23. The Taipei 101 has the world’s largest passive tuned mass wind and earthquake damper, it weighs 660 metric tons with a diameter of 5.5 meters, suspended from Level 92 to Level 88. • Ithelps the building to ensure stability of the tower and comfort for the occupiers.

24. Design The design achieves both strength and flexibility for the tower through the use of high-performance steel construction. Thirty-six columns supporting, including eight "mega-columns" packed with 10,000-psi concrete. Every eight floors, outrigger trusses connect the columns in the building's core to those on the exterior. • The Tower is built on 380 concrete piles, sunk 80 meters into the ground.

25. Massive Steel Outrigger Trusses span between the columns on every eight floors. • The structure is reinforced by a Moment Frame System linking the columns on all floors. • 36 columns provide vertical support, including eight mega columns around the perimeter. • The world’s largest passive tuned mass wind damper, suspended from level 92 down to level 88, helps to ensure stability and comfort.

26. Conclusion All of these buildings had their own structural advantages, whether it be support to withstand the forces of nature or using revolutionary materials such as bricks for the colosseum. Architects are imagining buildings with new and innovative materials and technology. The wonders of the world that are pushing the boundaries now will soon be forgotten as new super structures are created.

27. Bibliography http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/language/en-us/the-tower.aspx http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/burj_khalifa http://burj-khalifa.eu http://sydney.edu.au/engineering/civil/wtc.shtml http://911research.wtc7.net/wtc/arch/core.html http://www.skyscraper.org/TALLEST_TOWERS/t_wtc.htm http://911research.wtc7.net/wtc/evidence/blueprints.html http://www.themarinabaysands.com.sg/ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1289194/Marina-Bay-Sands-resort-opens-Singapore.html http://www.marinabaysands.com/SandsSkypark/Sands_Sky_Park.aspx http://www.marinabaysands.com/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=c2c http://www.taipei-101.com.tw/en/Tower/buildind_05-1.html http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=18 http://altlasobscura.com/place/tuned-mass-damper-of-taipei-101 http://www.unrv.com/culture/colosseum.php http://www.oldandsold.com/articles10/famous-buildings-11.html http://www.mariamilani.com/colosseum/colosseum_structure.htm